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ONLY    AUTHORIZED    AND    OFFICIAL    EDITION 


THE  LIVES  AND  PUBLIC  SERVICES 

OF 

PARKER  AND  DAVIS 

EMBRACING 

A    FULL    ACCOUNT    OF    JUDGE    PARKER'S     EARLY    LIFE;     HIS 

STRUGGLES  WITH  POVERTY  AND  EFFORTS  TO  OBTAIN 

AN  EDUCATION;   HIS  AMBITION  AS  A  STUDENT; 

HIS  PROFESSIONAL  CAREER,  ETC.,  ETC. 

WITH  THE 

LIVING  POLITICAL  ISSUES  AS  PRESENTED  TO  VOTERS  BY  SUCH 

GREAT    STATESMEN    AS    HON.  DAVID    B.   HILL,   HON.  JOHN 

SHARP     WILLIAMS,     HON.    RICHARD     OLNEY,    SENATOR 

GORMAN,   HON.   CARTER    HARRISON,   JUDGE    GRAY, 

HON.   F.   M.   COCKRELL,    HON.   JOHN    M.   DANIEL, 

CHAMP  CLARK,  AND  SCORES  OF  OTHERS  WHO 

ARE    WELL    KNOWN    IN    EVERY   STATE 

COMPILED    BY  ^    '  :'■    '  '- 

COL.  JOHN   R.  GRAblY 

// 

The  Distinguished  and  Popular  Author 


Embellished  with  a  Large  Number  of  Fine  Portraits 
and   Engravings 


ENTERED   ACCORDING   TO   ACT    OF   CONGRESS,    IN     THE   YEAR    1904,    SV 

D.  Z.  HOWELL 

THE   OFFICE    OF     THE    LIBRARIAN    OF    CONGRESS,    AT    WASHINGTON,    D.  C,   U.  6.  *• 


JSC- 


PREFACE. 


IT  is  the  pride  and  boast  of  Americans  that 
this  is  a  country  of  self-made  men.  How- 
ever humble  may  be  the  position  of  a  man  it  is 
within  his  power,  in  this  land  of  equality  and 
Democratic  institutions,  to  attain  the  highest 
honors  within  the  gift  of  his  fellow-citizens. 
Our  history  is  full  of  the  names  of  men  who, 
without  friends  or  fortune  to  aid  them,  have  risen 
by  the  force  of  their  own  abilities  to  the  proudest 
position  in  the  Republic — Washington,  Jefferson, 
Jackson,  and  their  glorious  compeers  were  all 
self-made  men,  and  carved  out  their  great  suc- 
cesses by  their  own  efforts. 

No  career  in  all  our  history  furnishes  a  more 
brilliant  example  of  this  than  that  of  Alton  B. 
Parker.  Starting  as  a  poor  boy,  without  money, 
position,  or  influence,  compelled  to  struggle 
against  poverty,  he  has  raised  himself  by  his 
own  efforts  to  the  highest  pinnacle  of  fame.  The 
poor  boy  of  forty  years  ago  is  now  the  leader  of 
the  great  Democratic  party  in  one  of  its  most 
critical  struggles. 

Alton  B.  Parker's  life  is  the  story  of  uncon- 
querable determination  and  sublime  self-reliance, 
of  lofty  purpose  and  inflexible  resolve,  of  incor- 

iii 


Qp.*?i^a 


IV  PREFACE. 

ruptible  integrity  and  moral  conrage  of  the 
highest  type,  of  noble  and  magnificent  achieve- 
ment, of  a  prolonged  and  determined  strnggle, 
crowned  by  the  most  brilliant  triumphs. 

The  work  shows  how  a  poor  boy  secured  a 
good  education,  and  fitted  himself  for  the  great 
struggle  he  meant  to  make  in  after  life.  How 
he  became  a  great  lawyer  and  judge,  always 
using  his  wonderful  eloquence  on  the  side  of  the 
right,  and  constituting  himself  the  champion  of 
the  people's  cause  against  all  who  sought  to 
infringe  upon  their  rights  and  privileges  as 
American  citizens. 

The  work  also  contains  a  splendidly  written 
biography  of  Hon.  Henry  G.  Davis,  the  Demo- 
cratic candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency.  His 
career  is  sketched  with  a  brilliant  pen,  and  this 
portion  of  the  work  is  full  of  the  deepest  interest 
to  all  who  are  striving  for  the  success  of  the 
Democratic  party. 

Under  the  head  of  Facts  About  All  Our  Pres- 
idents^ the  work  contains  an  account  of  the 
election  and  administration  of  every  President 
from  Washington  to  the  present  time. 

The  book  sets  forth  the  principles  of  the  grand 
old  Democratic  party  and  the  vital  issues  of  the 
present  struggle  for  the  instruction  of  voters. 
It  gives  a  bird's-eye  view  of  our  Nation's  history 
as  bearing  upon  the  great  issues  of  the  campaign. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE. 

NATIONAL  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION 17 

NATIONAL  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM 33 

THE  NOMINATIONS 48 

ALTON  B.  PARKER'S  CAREER 52 

HENKY  G.   DAVIS,   NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT.  .  67 

CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS 76 

HISTORY  OF  POLITICAL    PARTIES 88 

INTERESTING  FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR   PRESIDENTS  .  107 

APPENDIX  A.— THE  WHITE    HOUSE 209 

♦*             B.— POPULAR  VOTE  FOR  PRESIDENT.  ...  236 

"             D.— PRESIDENTS  AND  THE  CABINETS  ...  243 

"             E.— THE  ELECTORAL  VOTE 260 

«  F.— THE   CONSTITUTION    OF  THE    UNITED 

STATES 263 

V 


NATIONAL 

DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION 

OF  1904      , 

AT  ST.  LOUIS. 

WHEN  the  Convention  assembled  on  July 
6tli,  it  was  evident  that  Judge  Alton  B. 
Parker,  of  New  York,  would  be  the  nominee  for 
President.  For  several  months  the  tide  of  Dem- 
ocratic sentiment  had  been  flowing  in  his  direc- 
tion, and  all  efforts  to  unite  the  opposition  on 
any  other  candidate  had  signally  failed. 

A  great  demonstration  at  the  mention  of  the 
name  of  Grover  Cleveland  was  the  striking  feat- 
ure of  the  opening  session  of  the  Convention. 
While  the  outburst  which  greeted  the  name  of 
the  former  Democratic  President  before  its  last 
syllable  had  fallen  from  the  lips  of  the  tempo- 
rary chairman  was  noteworthy  in  itself,  it  was 
magnified  by  contrast  with  the  greetings  accord- 
ed the  men  who  stood  for  all  that  was  opposed  to 
Mr.  Cleveland  within  the  party  during  the  last 
eight  years. 

The  greatest  significance  was  attached  to  the 
showing  made  by  the  conservatives.  Their  ab- 
solute control  of  the  Convention  was  no  longer 
2  17 


18  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

doubted,  even  by  tHose  who  had  declined  to  be 
convinced.  The  nomination  of  Judge  Parker  for 
President  was  assured  beyond  any  possibility  of 
defeat. 

The  Convention  was  called  to  order  by  Hon. 
John  Sharp  Williams,  of  Mississippi,  temporary 
chairman. 

A  striking  feature  of  Mr.  Williams's  address 
was  his  tribute  to  Grover  Cleveland  for  bringing 
about  the  repeal  of  the  Sherman  Silver  Purchase 
law.  Coming  from  a  Southern  Democrat,  it  gave 
a  galvanic  spark  to  the  Bryan  men,  who  had 
hardly  supposed  that  Mr.  Williams  would  go  so 
far.  The  Convention  applauded  and  cheered  his 
declarations,  and  he  even  went  so  far  as  to  claim 
that,  by  repealing  that  law,  the  Democratic  party 
put  the  United  States  practically  on  the  gold 
standard,  and  that  the  Republicans,  in  claiming 
to  have  accomplished  that  feat,  were  stealing 
Democratic  thunder. 

Mr.  Williams  was  attired  in  a  light  gray  suit 
and  a  white  waistcoat.  He  delivered  his  address 
calmly  and  without  gestures.  Several  cries  of 
'^  Louder  !  Louder  !  "  interrupted  Mr.  Williams 
as  he  began,  his  clear  but  not  powerful  voice  at 
first  failing  to  reach  all  parts  of  the  hall. 

The  Convention  appeared  considerably  amused 
at  Mr.  Williams'  humorously  sarcastic  references 
to  the  "  mutual  admiration  society "  of  Mr. 
Roosevelt  and  Mr.  Root,  and  when  he  read  an 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904.  19 

eulogy  by  the  President  on  Mr.  Root  the  dele- 
gates lauglied  and  applauded. 

Mr.  Williams  spoke  in  an  ironical  tone  that 
caught  the  fancy  of  the  Convention,  and  he  was 
interrupted  time  and  again  by  laughter.  He 
drew  a  picture  of  the  country's  condition  at  the 
time  of  President  Cleveland's  first  inauguration, 
declaring  that  much  of  the  distress  that  came  in 
the  early  nineties  was  due  to  Republican  misrule 
that  had  gone  before.  He  mentioned  the  name 
of  Mr.  Bryan  in  discussing  the  price  of  wheat 
during  the  first  Bryan-McKinley  campaign.  The 
utterance  of  the  name  called  forth  a  little 
applause  and  some  cheers.  A  second  later  he 
mentioned  the  name  again,  but  the  applause  was 
not  repeated 

A  moment  later  the  first  scene  of  the  session, 
occurred.  Mr.  Williams  declared  that  it  was 
brazen  effrontery  for  the  Republican  party  to 
attempt  to  seize  the  laurels  of  Grover  Cleveland. 
A  genuine  outburst  of  applause  followed.  Cheer 
after  cheer  rolled  through  the  hall  and,  although 
the  Chairman  used  the  gavel  vigorously,  the 
Convention  was  soon  beyond  his  control. 

New  Hampshire  delegates  climbed  up  on  their 
seats  and  yelled  vigorously.  One  Iowa  man  of 
the  Hearst-instructed  delegation  from  that  Com- 
monwealth, stood  up  and  waved  his  hat  frantic- 
ally, and  a  wild  chorus  answered  him. 

^'  Three  cheers  for  Grover  Cleveland,"  shouted 


20  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

an  Alabama  delegate,  and  they  came  with  gen- 
uine power  and  enthusiasm.  No  cry  came  from 
Nebraska,  where  Mr.  Bryan  and  his  friends  sat 
quietly  without  taking  part  in  the  noise.  Again 
and  again  the  cheers  came  in  dense  volume, 
despite  numerous  cries  of  *'  order,"  and  the 
strenuous  pounding  of  the  Chairman's  gavel. 

Then  Mr.  Williams  sat  back  and  watched  the 
scene  he  had  created.  As  the  cheers  and  cries 
fell  there  would  be  a  renewed  outbreak,  and  the 
demonstration  lasted  eight  minutes. 

The  speech  of  the  temporary  Chairman  of  the 
Convention  scintillated  with  epigrams.  Here 
are  a  few : 

"  What  partnership  is  this  between  God, 
human  industry  and  ingenuity  and  the  Repub- 
lican party,  of  which  the  Republican  party  is 
the  self-asserting  senior  member  ?  " 

"  I  think  it  was  the  permanent  Chairman  of 
the  Republican  Convention  who  said  that  the 
Democrats  killed  trusts  with  wind  and  the 
Republicans  with  law.  Where  are  the  corpses  ? 
There  is  but  one  that  I  know  of,  and  that  pro- 
erty  belongs  to  Governor  Van  Sant.  It  is  the 
spoil  of  his  sword  and  spear." 

''  What  are  you  going  to  do,  then,  when  the 
^  trust  buster '  (Attorney  General  Knox)  is 
'  busted  '  or  removed,  or  '  promoted  '  out  of  the 
way?  " 

^'  Things  have  almost  reached  the  old  decadent 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904.  21 

days  of  the  Roman  Empire  wHen  government 
consisted  chiefly  in  distributing  bread  and  giving 
circuses. 

"  Certainly  if  it  be  wrong  to  discriminate  at 
all  because  of  race,  if  the  professions  of  adher- 
ence of  the  doctrine  that  all  men  of  all  races 
are  equal,  be  sincere,  then  the  men  making  that 
profession  cannot  vote  to  prevent  a  yellow  man 
from  earning  a  living  by  the  sweat  of  his  brow 
in  America,  the  right  to  earn  a  living  being  a 
much  more  sacred  and  God -given  thing  than  the 
statutory  privilege  of  voting  or  the  social  privi- 
lege of  lunching  with  you." 

''  It  (the  Democratic  platform)  will  speak  out 
unmistakably  against  the  Republican  policy  of 
starving  home  development  in  order  to  feed  the 
schoolboy  appetite  of  national  prestige  and  mere 
display  of  strength." 

"  How  humorous  to  praise  so  highly  our  fel- 
low-citizen in  the  White  House,  who,  in  the  long 
line  of  great  men.  who  have  filled  the  seat  he  now 
occupies,  has  himself  found  only  about  three,  in 
his  opinion,  worthy  of  anything  like  unstinted 
praise — George  Washington,  Abraham  Lincoln 
and  himself." 

"  Disfranchisement  of  a  negro  in  Mississippi 
for  ignorance  is  a  horrible  thing ;  disfranchise- 
ment of  a  white  man  for  ignorance  in  Massachu- 
setts or  Connecticut  is  a  part  of  New  England 
'  higher  civilization.'  " 


22  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

It  was  opera  bouffe  at  the  Coliseum  on  the 
morning  of  the  second  day.  It  was  Bryanism  in 
the  afternoon.  Easily  the  foremost  spectacle  of 
the  day  was  the  demonstration  for  the  twice- 
defeated  nominee  for  President.  The  sedate  ones 
said  that  the  arrangement  for  the  seventeen 
minutes  of  applause  was  more  interesting  than 
the  applause  itself;  but  those  who  were  not  be- 
hind the  scenes  saw  the  most  magnetic  side  of  it. 

Nothing  altered  the  fact  that  Bryan  command- 
ed more  uproarious  outbursts  from  the  people 
than  any  man  who  had  yet  appeared  in  the  Con- 
vention. His  very  appearance  on  the  floor  to 
take  his  seat  was  the  cause  of  the  cheering. 
Other  men  tried  in  a  manner  almost  grotesque 
to  compel  attention  from  the  10,000  spectators 
without  success ;  yet  one  wave  of  the  Nebras- 
kan's  white  hand  produced  a  silence  grateful  to 
the  drum  of  the  ear.  Beside  him  and  his  dom- 
ination of  the  people,  other  personages  were  not 
to  be  reckoned  with. 

He  did  not  win  in  any  movement  of  the  day, 
and  yet  the  effect  he  made  on  the  audience  over 
and  over  again  was  remarkable.  In  his  face 
there  is  self  confidence,  placidity,  self-suf&ciency 
and  honesty.  This  last  is  a  strange  quality  to 
be  evolved  from  the  face  of  a  charlatan,  but  it  is 
there  in  a  strong  measure. 

It  is  the  honesty  that  comes  fron;  policy.  His 
voice  needs  adjectives  more  profound  than  "  sil- 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1094.  23 

ver"  or  ^'  golden."  Coming,  as  it  did,  after  three 
hours  of  ear  strain,  one  felt  profoundly  grateful 
for  its  quality.  It  reached  to  the  gallery,  dipped 
to  the  basement,  flooded  the  middle  spaces. 
Every  word  he  said  sounded  so  convincing  in 
that  voice.  His  smile  was  bland  during  his  talk- 
ing, and  his  voice,  lifted  as  it  was  to  reach  into 
those  far  spaces,  did  not  swell  one  muscle  of  his 
neck.  He  gave  the  impression  of  one  casually 
talking  on  a  piazza. 

He  probably  could  not  be  humorous,  like  John 
Sharp  Williams.  He  could  not  be  powerful  with 
those  who  think ;  but  he  is  easily  one  of  the 
most  magnetic  speakers  before  a  mass  of  people 
that  any  American  can  hear.  He  has  the  re- 
markable combination  of  being  earnest  without 
being  powerful,  of  being  magnetic  without  being 
convincing. 

At  the  opera  bouffe  in  the  morning,  the  Mis- 
sissippian  and  the  sergeant-at-arms  had  their 
little  jests  with  the  people,  and  they  were  a  de- 
lightful break  in  the  tedium  of  routine  work. 
Mr.  Williams  made  a  mirthful  sensation  when 
he  said,  after  an  effort  to  raise  his  voice  to  reach 
the  galleries  :  ^'  If  the  Angel  Gabriel  stood  on 
the  topmost  pinnacle  of  this  earth  and  with  a 
megaphone  announced  the  crash  of  creation, 
there  would  be  some  man  who  would  call 
Mouderl'" 

In  the  convulsion  of  joy  over  this  suave  drawl- 


24  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

ing  speech  of  the  chairman,  a  man  in  the  gallery 
who  did  not  hear  it  yelled  '^  louder  !  "  This  was 
too  much  for  the  others,  who  simply  rocked  in 
their  seats  in  sheer  glee. 

Not  to  be  outdone  in  raising  a  laugh,  Colonel 
Martin,  the  sergeant-at-arms,  waited  for  a  pause 
after  the  applause  that  greeted  a  reading  clerk 
who  really  had  a  voice  that  could  reach  to  the 
distances  and  tell  the  people  what  was  going  on. 
"  I  am  glad  you  like  our  new  megaphone,''  said 
the  colonel.  "  We'll  let  you  hear  it  again." 
After  that,  whenever  this  reading-clerk  rose  to 
his  feet,  there  were  shouts  of  "There's  the 
megaphone  I " 

The  most  laughable  incident  of  a  megaphone 
occurred  at  the  beginning  of  the  afternoon  ses- 
sion, when,  to  the  astonishment  of  delegates  and 
visitors,  Mr.  Williams  lifted  a  huge  megaphone 
to  his  mouth  and  began  to  address  the  distin- 
guished Democrats  as  though  he  were  a  spieler 
in  front  of  a  Bowery  show.  The  gallery  kindly 
yelled  to  him  that  he  knew  nothing  about  it,  and 
guided  by  their  opinion  as  much  as  his  own  fail- 
ure, he  gave  it  up  later  on,  and  let  the  human 
megaphone  have  precedence. 

The  Mississippian,  by  the  way,  had  no  regard 
for  rule  and  order.  A  hundred  signs  announced 
the  ''  no  smoking  "  ordinance  and  more  than  a 
hundred  policemen  enforced  it,  while  in  the 
middle  of  this  combat  the  chairman  sat  aloft  on 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904.  25 

his  platform  smoking  long  black  cigars  and 
enveloping  himself  and  a  few  others  in  the  whirl- 
winds of  smoke. 

The  galleries  had  their  innings.  Twice  "  the 
megaphone  "  assured  the  8000  people  who  had 
nothing  to  do  but  listen,  that  they  would  be 
cleared  out  by  the  St.  Louis  police  and  the  doors 
shut  on  every  one  but  delegates.  This  was  the 
threat  of  a  leaf  of  the  wind.  The  galleries  were 
there  to  have  a  voice  in  this  convention,  and 
they  had  it. 

Two  Italian  diplomats,  who  looked  on,  thought 
it  remarkable  that  all  motions  and  speeches  were 
governed  by  the  audience.  It  was  hard  to  assure 
them  it  was  the  unasked  opinion  of  the  masses, 
and  they  significantly  answered :  ''Ah,  the 
American  masses !  " 

Five  hours  before  the  day  was  over  every  aisle 
was  blocked.  Officers  and  police  made  no  at- 
tempt to  clear  them,  and  in  many  sections  of  the 
hall  there  were  three  people  on  one  chair.  When 
those  in  the  far  circles  couldn^t  hear  they 
arranged  a  little  comedy  or  tragedy  of  their 
own  on  which  it  took  a  squad  of  policemen  to 
ring  down  the  curtain.  In  the  press  section 
sharpshooters  were  amusing  themselves  by  aim- 
ing at  all  bald  heads  in  the  house  with  spit 
balls.  If  a  man  had  a  peevish  disposition  they 
would  threaten  to  turn  the  ice-water  coolers  on 
him,  which  were  carried  by  the  messenger  boys. 


26  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

All  the  wags  in  the  country  must  have  sat  .n 
the  Coliseum,  and  eacji  one  had  his  sa3\  In 
most  dramatic  moments  over  the  seating  of  the 
Illinois  contestants  a  parson-like  man  tried  to 
make  a  speech.  His  sing-song  voice  would  have 
done  credit  to  a  country  pulpit.  In  an  instant  a 
man  intoned  a  deep  "  amen  "  from  the  balcony. 
His  impertinence  was  answered  from  the  other 
gallery  by  the  remark  :  ^'  Isn't  it  a  pity  the  organ 
isn't  playing." 

When  a  most  strenuous  man  from  Indiana 
was  answering  Mr.  Bryan  with  gestures  that 
were  copied  from  a  blacksmith,  a  man  yelled, 
"  Get  Williams  to  loan  you  his  gavel.  He's 
good-natured;  he'll  do  it." 

When  a  fat,  huge  Californian  arose  to  ask  for 
information,  Mr.  Williams  said :  "  The  chair  is 
compelled  to  rule  that  the  gentleman  is  not  pro- 
pounding a  parliamentary  inquiry,"  at  which 
some  one  yelled  from  a  side  aisle  :  "  Say  it  slow, 
Mr.  Williams,  or,  better  still,  spell  it." 

It  showed  the  humor  and  the  laxity  of  the 
convention  that  these  things  raised  a  shout  on 
every  side. 

There  were  several  features  of  the  Convention 
which  must  have  impressed  observers.  The  first 
was  the  skillful  manner  in  which  the  Parker 
managers  handled  their  campaign  and  moved 
resistlessly  forward  to  success.  Every  effort  to 
block   the  way   or  effect  a  combination  against 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904.  27 

them  failed.  They  evidently  planned  their  work 
with  cool  calculation  and  executed  it  with  good 
generalship. 

The  second  was  the  complete  failure  of  the 
Hearst  movement.  Considering  the  lavish  ex- 
penditure the  persistent  labor  and  the  dubious 
agencies  employed  to  promote  it  the  collapse  was 
as  crushing  as  it  was  remarkable.  It  is  credit- 
able that,  with  all  the  force  behind  it,  the  attempt 
made  so  little  headway,  and  sound  men  of  all 
parties  may  take  heart  from  it. 

Another  and  most  conspicuous  feature  was  the 
utter  overthrow  and  downfall  of  Bryan.  Never 
has  the  chosen  leader  of  a  great  party  been  so 
humiliated.  His  rejection  was  certain,  but  his 
own  colossal  folly  turned  his  repudiation  into  a 
pitiful  spectacle.  He  took  issue  with  one  part 
of  the  report  of  the  Committee  on  Credentials, 
that  which  related  to  delegates  from  Illinois. 

Whether  the  side  he  espoused  was  right  or 
wrong  it  was  .bound  to  be  beaten.  He  was 
defeated  by  a  vote  of  299  to  647.  This  was  more 
than  a  two-thirds  vote  against  him,  and  it  repre- 
sented the  strength  of  the  Parker  force. 

The  crush  of  visitors  around  the  doors  and 
inside  the  convention  hall  at  8  o'clock  in  the 
evening  of  the  third  day,  the  time  set  for  the 
opening  of  the  Convention,  was  greater  than 
that  of  any  previous  session.  It  was  something 
rarely   paralleled   at   any   national   convention. 


28  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

Extras  had  spread  the  news  over  the  city  that  a 
nomination  was  to  be  expected  that  night,  and 
the  crowd  was  greater  than  at  any  previous  ses- 
sion. At  two  or  three  entrances  the  pressure  on 
the  doorkeepers  and  policemen  was  so  great  that 
the  lines  were  broken  and  many  persons  without 
tickets  forced  their  way  into  the  hall. 

It  was  a  crowd  that,  judging  from  prevailing 
symptoms,  came  with  the  full  intention  of  par- 
ticipating in  the  proceedings,  for  cheers,  applause 
and  comment  were  forthcoming  on  every  occa- 
sion. 

The  first  genuine  reception  of  the  evening 
was  given  to  David  B.  Hill,  of  New  York,  who 
made  his  first  appearance  in  the  hall.  General 
Nelson  A.  Miles  was  also  present  for  the  first 
time. 

At  8  o'clock  there  was  not  a  vacant  seat  in  the 
vast  auditorium.  From  platform  to  topmost  gal- 
lery it  was  packed  with  delegates,  alternates  and 
spectators.  The  heat  was  already  intense.  On 
the  outside  the  crowd  was  even  greater  than 
within  the  Coliseum.  So  far  as  the  interest  of 
the  masses  was  concerned  this  night's  session 
was  what  all  strove  to  witness. 

It  had  been  rumored  that  the  doors  were  to  be 
thrown  open  to  the  public.  This  was  not  true 
but  tickets  sold  so  cheaply  that  they  were  within 
the  means  of  all.  The  only  trouble  was  that 
the  cheapest  tickets  were  for  sessions  gone  by, 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904.  29 

and  the  buyer  took  his  own  chances  on  getting  by 
the  doorkeepers.  Many  of  the  bogus  ticket 
holders  got  in  and  others  less  fortunate  blocked 
the  entrance. 

The  streets  on  the  four  sides  of  the  Coliseum 
were  impassable.  Street  cars  got  through  with 
difficulty  and  with  danger  to  humanity.  The 
police  endeavored  to  keep  passageways  clear. 
Nothing,  however,  aflfected  the  pushing  mob,  for 
it  was  known  that  hundreds  passed  through  the 
doors  who  had  no  right  to  enter,  and  that  served 
to  work  the  throng  into  a  frenzy.  Long  after 
the  hall  was  filled  the  crowd  pressed  against 
the  entrances,  loath  to  give  up  the  hope  of  get- 
ting in. 

Frequently  half  a  dozen  people  would  be 
allowed  to  enter  on  a  single  ticket.  There  was 
no  attempt  made  at  many  entrances  to  restrict 
the  crowd  in  any  way^  and  by  the  time  the  Chair- 
man called  the  Convention  to  order  the  hall  was 
filled  to  the  danger  line  and  beyond. 

A  series  of  energetic  thumps  on  the  presiding 
officer^s  table,  were  given  by  Chairman  Clark  at 
8.03  o'clock  in  an  endeavor  to  call  the  conven- 
tion to  order.  The  reading  clerk  ordered  the 
floor  officers  to  clear  the  aisles.  As  Mr.  Clark 
stood  at  the  desk,  Senator  Daniel,  of  Virginia, 
Chairman  of  the  Resolutions  Committee,  made 
his  way  to  his  side,  with  a  copy  of  the  platform 
in  his  hand. 


r 


HO  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

It  was  then  announced  that  the  report  of  the 
committee  would  be  received.  At  this  statement 
the  convention  seized  the  opportunity  to  vent  its 
satisfaction  at  the  unanimous  report  to  be  made. 
A  great  cry  went  up.  Many  delegates  jumped 
to  their  feet,  and  the  first  demonstration  of  the 
night  session  occurred. 

Becoming  impatient  at  the  delay,  Senator 
Daniel  began  his  announcement  in  the  midst  of 
the  uproar. 

"  I  am  instructed  to  make  to  this  convention," 
he  began,  ''  this  unanimous  report  from  the 
Committee  on  Resolutions." 

The  Senator's  persistence  had  the  desired 
effect,  although  it  was  several  minutes  before 
the  convention  composed  itself,  and  warning  had 
to  be  given  by  the  reading  clerk  that  quiet  must 
be  preserved.  Cries  of  "  Louder  I ''  were  re- 
peatedly made  as  Senator  Daniel  proceeded,  for 
his  voice  seemed  inadequate  to  the  hall. 

A  great  hum  of  conversation  and  an  all-per- 
vading noise  of  shuffling  feet,  moving  bodies  and 
scraping  chairs  mingled  to  drown  the  Virginian's 
voice.  Powerful  as  it  is,  he  could  not  be  heard 
ten  rows  of  seats  from  the  stand  on  which  he 
stood. 

An  Ohio  delegate  mounted  his  chair  and,  after 
repeatedly  addressing  the  Chairman  in  a  loud 
manner,  demanded  order. 

"  All  right,  sit  down  and  keep  still  and  we  will 


DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904.  31 

have  order,"  retorted  Mr.  Clark.  Then,  turning 
to  the  clerk,  he  directed  again  that  the  aisles  be 
cleared.  Senator  Daniel's  exhaustion  from  his 
long  session  with  the  Resolutions  Committee 
was  apparent..  To  the  vast  audience  which  faced 
him  he  was  but  a  silent  figure  with  moving  lips. 

Ten  minutes  went  by  with  the  same  disorder, 
the  reading  of  the  platform  not  being  heard, 
when  another  interruption  was  made  at  the  in- 
stance of  Chairman  Clark,  at  which  order  was 
demanded,  but  ineffectually. 

Disturbances  resulting  from  cries  for  order 
from  various  portions  of  the  hall  exhausted  the 
patience  of  Chairman  Clark,  and  he  gave  per- 
sonal directions  to  have  several  persons  quieted 
or  put  out.  Senator  Daniel,  however,  refused  to 
be  disturbed.  He  proceeded  with  the  reading  of 
the  platform,  regardless  of  the  fact  that  not  one 
soul  in  the  hall  except  perhaps  the  stenographer, 
who  stood  at  the  steps  just  beneath  him,  heard 
a  word. 

Senator  Daniel  concluded  reading  the  platform 
at  8.45  o'clock.  When  it  was  observed  that  he 
had  ceased  reading  the  Convention  broke  into 
cheers. 

Senator  Daniel  said : 

"  I  am  unanimously  instructed  by  your  Com- 
mittee on  Platform  to  move  the  previous  question 
on  its  adoption,  and  now  I  make  that  motion." 

It  was  adopted  by  a  viva  voce  vote,  two  or  three 


32  DEMOCRATIC  CONVENTION  OF  1904. 

delegations  voting  in  the  negative,  and  they 
apparently  in  a  spirit  of  fun.  Chairman  Clark 
then  put  the  motion  to  adopt  the  report,  and 
another  viva  voce  vote  carried  it. 

Temporary  Chairman  Williams  mounted  the 
steps  leading  up  to  the  platform,  swung  his  hat 
round  his  head,  and  the  delegates,  following  his 
lead,  roared  their  applause  again  and  again, 
while  the  band  played  ''  Hail,  Columbia." 


NATIONAL 

DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

The  Democratic  party  of  the  United  States,  in 
National  Convention  assembled,  declares  its 
devotion  to  the  essential  principles  of  the  Dem- 
ocratic faith  which  bring  ns  together  in  party 
communion. 

Under  them  the  local  self-government  and 
national  unity  and  prosperity  were  alike  estab- 
lished. They  underlaid  our  independence,  the 
structure  of  our  free  Republic,  and  every  Dem- 
ocratic extension  from  Louisiana  to  California 
and  Texas  to  Oregon,  which  preserved  faithfully 
in  all  the  States  the  tie  between  taxation  and 
representation.  They  yet  inspire  the  masses  of 
our  people,  guarding  jealously  their  rights  and 
liberties,  and  cherishing  their  fraternity,  peace 
and  orderly  development. 

They  remind  us  of  our  duties  and  responsi- 
bilities as  citizens  and  impress  upon  us,  particu- 
larly at  this  time,  the  necessity  of  reform  and 
the  rescue  of  the  administration  of  government 
from  the  head  strong,  arbitrary  and  spasmodic 
methods  which  distract  business  by  uncertainty, 
and  pervade  the  public  mind  with  dread,  distrust 
and  perturbation. 

First — The  application  of  these  fundamental 
3  33 


34  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

principles  to  the  living  issues  of  the  day  is  the 
first  step  toward  the  assured  peace,  safety  and 
progress  of  our  nation.  Freedom  of  the  press, 
of  conscience,  and  of  speech ;  equality  before 
the  law  of  all  citizens ;  right  of  trial  l)y  jury ; 
freedom  of  the  person  defended  by  the  writ  of 
habeas  corpus ;  liberty  of  personal  contract 
untrammeled  by  sumptuary  laws ;  supremacy  of 
the  civil  over  military  authority ;  a  well-disci- 
plined militia;  the  separation  of  Church  and 
State  ;  economy  in  expenditures  ;  low  taxes,  that 
labor  may  be  lightly  burdened ;  prompt  and 
sacred  fulfillment  of  public  and  private  obliga- 
tions ;  fidelity  to  treaties  ;  peace  and  friendship 
with  all  nations  ;  entangling  alliances  with  none  ; 
absolute  acquiescence  in  the  will  of  the  majority, 
the  vital  principle  of  Republics — these  are  doc- 
trines which  Democracy  has  established  approved 
by  the  nation,  and  they  should  be  constantly 
invoked  and  enforced. 

We  favor  enactment  and  administration  of 
laws  giving  labor  and  capital  impartially  their 
just  rights.  Capital  and  labor  ought  not  to  be 
enemies.  Each  is  necessary  to  the  other.  Each 
has  its  rights,  but  the  rights  of  labor  are 
certainly  no  less  "  vested,"  no  less  ''  sacred " 
and  no  less  "unalienable"  than  the  rights  of 
capital. 

Constitutional  guarantees  are  violated  when- 
ever  any   citizen  is  denied  the  right   to   labor, 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  35 

acquire  and  enjoy  property  or  reside  where 
interests  or  inclination  may  determine.  Any 
denial  thereof  by  individuals,  organizations  or 
governments  should  be  summarily  rebuked  and 
punished. 

We  deny  the  right  of  any  executive  to  disre- 
gard or  suspend  any  constitutional  privilege  or 
limitation.  Obedience  to  the  laws  and  respect 
for  their  requirements  are  alike  the  supreme 
duty  of  the  citizen  and  the  official. 

The  military  should  be  used  only  to  support 
and  maintain  the  law.  We  unqualifiedly  con- 
demn its  employment  for  the  summary  banish- 
ment of  citizens  without  trial  or  for  the  control 
of  elections. 

We  approve  the  measure  which  passed  the 
United  States  Senate  in  1896,  but  which  a 
Republican  Congress  has  ever  since  refused  to 
enact,  relating  to  contempts  in  Federal  courts, 
and  providing  for  trial  by  jury  in  cases  of 
indirect  contempt. 

We  favor  liberal  appropriations  for  the  care 
and  improvement  of  the  wate-^ways  of  the  country. 
When  any  waterway  like  the  Mississippi  river 
is  of  sufficient  importance  to  demand  special  aid 
of  the  government,  such  aid  should  be  extended 
with  a  definite  plan  of  continuous  work  until 
permanent  improvement  is  secured. 

We  oppose  the  Republican  policy  of  starving 
home  development  in  order  to  feed  the  greed  for 


36  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

conquest  and  the  appetite  for  national  "  prestige  " 
and  display  of  strength. 

First.  Large  reductions  can  easily  be  made  in 
the  annual  expenditures  of  the  government 
without  impairing  the  efficiency  of  any  branch 
of  the  public  service,  and  we  shall  insist  upon 
the  strictest  economy  and  frugality  compatible 
with  vigorous  and  efficient  civil,  military  and 
naval  administration  as  a  right  of  the  people, 
too  clear  to  be  denied  or  withheld. 

Second.  We  favor  the  enforcement  of  honesty 
in  the  public  service,  and  to  that  end  a  thorough 
legislati\e  investigation  of  those  executive  de- 
partments of  the  government  already  known  to 
teem  with  corruption,  as  well  as  other  depart- 
ments suspected  of  harboring  corruption,  and  the 
punishment  of  ascertained  curruptionists  with- 
out fear  or  favor  or  regard  to  persons.  The  per- 
sistent and  deliberate  refusal  of  both  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  to  permit  such 
investigation  to  be  made  demonstrates  that  only 
by  a  change  in  the  executive  and  in  the  legis- 
lative departments  can  complete  exposure, 
punishment  and  correction  be  obtained. 

We  condemn  the  action  of  the  Republican 
party  in  Congress  in  refusing  to  prohibit  an 
executive  department  from  entering  into  con- 
tracts with  convicted  trusts  or  unlawful  combina- 
tions in  restraint  of  interstate  trade.  We  believe 
that  one  of  the  best  methods  of  procuring  econ- 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  37 

oiny  and  Honesty  in  the  public  service  is  to  have 
public  officials,  from  the  occupant  of  the  White 
House  down  to  the  lowest  of  them,  returned  as 
nearly  as  may  be  to  Jeffersonian  simplicity  of 
living. 

Third.  We  favor  the  nomination  and  election 
of  a  President  imbued  with  the  principles  of  the 
Constitution  who  will  set  his  face  sternly  against 
executive  usurpation  of  legislative  and  judicial 
functions,  whether  that  usurpation  be  veiled 
under  the  guise  of  executive  construction  of 
existing  laws,  or  whether  it  take  refuge  in  the 
tyrant's  plea  of  necessity  or  superior  wisdom. 

We  favor  the  preservation,  so  far  as  we  can,  of 
an  open  door  for  the  world's  commerce  in  the 
Orient  without  an  unnecessary  entanglement  in 
Oriental  and  European  affairs,  and  without  arbi- 
trary, unlimited,  irresponsible  and  absolute  gov- 
ernment anywhere  within  our  jurisdiction.  We 
oppose  as  fervently  as  did  George  Washington 
himself  an  indefinite,  irresponsible,  discretionary 
and  vague  absolutism  and  a  policy  of  colonial 
exploitation,  no  matter  where  or  by  whom  in- 
voked or  exercised.  We  believe,  with  Thomas 
Jefferson  and  John  Adams,  that  no  government 
has  a  right  to  make  one  set  of  laws  for  those  ^^  at 
home,"  and  another  and  a  different  set  of  laws, 
absolute  in  their  character,  for  those  "  in  the  col- 
onies." All  men  under  the  American  flag  are 
entitled    to   the    protection  of   the  institutions 


38  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

whose  emblem  the  flag  is :  if  the}''  are  inher- 
ently unfit  for  those  institutions,  then  they  are 
inherently  unfit  to  be  members  of  the  American 
body  politic.  Wherever  there  may  exist  a  people 
incapable  of  being  governed  under  American 
laws  in  consonance  with  the  American  Constitu- 
tion, that  people  ought  not  to  be  part  of  the 
American  domain. 

We  insist  that  we  ought  to  do  for  the  Philip- 
pines what  we  have  done  already  for  the  Cubans, 
and  it  is  our  duty  to  make  that  promise  now,  and 
upon  suitable  guarantees  of  protection  to  citizens 
of  our  own  and  other  countries  resident  there 
at  the  time  of  our  withdrawal,  set  the  Fillipino 
people  upon  their  feet,  free  and  independent  to 
work  out  their  own  destiny. 

The  endeavor  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  by 
pledging  the  government's  indorsement  for 
"  promoters  ''  in  the  Philippine  Islands  to  make 
the  United  States  a. partner  in  speculative  legis- 
lation of  the  archipelego,  which  was  only  tem- 
porarily held  up  by  the  opposition  of  the 
Democratic  Senators  in  the  last  session,  will,  if 
successful,  lead  to  entanglements  from  which  it 
will  be  difficult  to  escape. 

Fourth.  The  Democratic  party  has  been  and 
will  continue  to  be  the  consistent  opponent  of 
that  class  of  tariff  legislation  by  which  certain 
interests  have  been  permitted,  through  Congres- 
sional favor,  to  draw  a  heavy  tribute  from  the 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  89 

American  people.  This  monstrous  perversion 
of  those  equal  opportunities  which  our  political 
institutions  were  established  to  secure,  has 
caused  what  mav  once  have  been  infant  indus- 
tries  to  become  the  greatest  combinations  of 
capital  that  the  world  has  ever  known.  These 
especial  favorites  of  the  government  have, 
through  trust  methods,  been  converted  into 
monopolies,  thus  bringing  to  an  end  domestic 
competition,  which  was  the  only  alleged  check 
upon  the  extravagant  profits  made  possible  by 
the  protective  system.  These  industrial  combi- 
nations, by  the  financial  assistance  that  they 
can  give,  now  control  the  policy  of  the  Repub- 
lian  party. 

We  denounce  protection  as  a  robbery  o.  tne 
many  to  enrich  the  few,  and  we  favor  a  tariff 
limited  to  the  needs  of  the  government,  economi- 
cally administered,  and  so  levied  as  not  to  discrimi- 
nate against  any  industry,  class  or  section,  to  the 
end  that  the  burdens  of  taxation  shall  be  dis- 
tributed as  equally  as  possible. 

We  favor  a  revision  and  a  gradual  reduction 
of  the  tariff  by  the  friends  of  the  masses  and  for 
the  common  weal,  and  not  by  the  friends  of  its 
abuses,  its  extortions  and  its  discriminations, 
keeping  in  view  the  ultimate  ends  of  '^  equality 
of  burdens  and  equality  of  opportunities  "  and 
the  constitutional  purpose  of  raising  a  revenue 
by  taxation,  to  wit — the  support  of  the  Federal 


40  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

Government  in  all  its  integrity  and  virility,  but 
in  simplicity. 

We  recognize  that  the  gigantic  trusts  and  com- 
binations designed  to  enable  capital  to  secure 
more  than  its  just  share  of  the  joint  products  of 
capital  and  labor,  and  which  have  been  fostered 
and  promoted  under  Republican  rule,  are  a 
menace  to  beneficial  competition  and  an  obstacle 
to  permanent  business  prosperity.  A  private 
monopoly  is  indefensible  and  intolerable. 

Individual  equality  of  opportunity  and  free 
competition  are  essential  to  a  healthy  and  per- 
manent commercial  prosperity,  and  any  trust, 
combination  or  monopoly  tending  to  destroy 
these  by  controlling  production,  restricting  com- 
petition or  fixing  prices,  should  be  prohibited 
and  punished  by  law.  We  especially  denounce 
rebates  and  discriminations  by  transportation 
companies  as  the  most  potent  agency  in  pro- 
moting and  strengthening  these  unlawful  con- 
spiracies against  trade. 

We  demand  an  enlargement  of  the  powers  of 
the  Interstate  Commerce  Commission  to  the  end 
that  the  traveling  public  and  shippers  of  this 
country  may  have  prompt  and  adequate  relief 
from  the  abuses  to  which  they  are  subjected  in 
the  matter  of  transportation.  We  demand  a 
strict  enforcement  of  existing  civil  and  criminal 
statutes  against  all  such  trusts,  combinations 
and  monopolies ;  and  we  demand  the  enactment 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  41 

of  sucli  further  legislation  as  may  be  necessary 
to  effectually  suppress  them. 

Any  trust  or  unlawful  combination  engaged 
in  interstate  commerce  which  is  monopolizing 
any  branch  of  business  or  production,  should  not 
be  permitted  to  transact  business  outside  of  the 
State  of  its  origin.  Whenever  it  shall  be  estab- 
lished in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction 
that  such  rtionopolization  exists,  such  prohibi- 
tion should  be  enforced  through  comprehensive 
laws  to  be  enacted  on  the  subject. 

We  congratulate  our  Western  citizens  upon 
the  passing  of  the  law  known  as  the  Newlands 
Irrigation  act  for  the  irrigation  and  reclamation 
of  the  arid  lands  of  the  West ;  a  measure  framed 
by  a  Democrat,  passed  in  the  Senate  by  a  non- 
partisan vote,  and  passed  in  the  House  against 
the  opposition  of  almost  all  the  Republican 
leaders  by  a  vote,  the  majority  of  which  was 
Democratic. 

We  call  attention  to  this  great  Democratic 
measure,  broad  and  comprehensive  as  it  is,  work- 
ing automatically  throughout  all  time  without 
further  action  of  Congress,  until  the  reclamation 
is  accomplished,  reserving  the  lands  reclaimed 
for  homeseekers  in  small  tracts,  and  rigidly 
guarding  against  land  monopoly,  as  an  evidence 
of  the  policy  of  domestic  development  contem- 
plated b}^  the  Democratic  party,  should  it  be 
placed  in  power. 


42  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

The  Democracy,  when  entrusted  with  power, 
will  construct  the  Panama  Canal  speedily,  hon- 
estly and  economically,  thereby  giving  to  our 
people  what  Democrats  have  always  contended 
for — a  great  interoceanic  canal,  furnishing  shorter 
and  cheaper  lines  of  transportation,  and  broader 
and  less  trammeled  trade  relations  with  the  other 
peoples  of  the  world. 

We  pledge  ourselves  to  insist  upon  the  just 
and  lawful  protection  of  our  citizens  at  home 
and  abroad,  and  to  use  all  proper  measures  to 
secure  for  them,  whether  native  born  or  natural- 
ized, and  without  distinction  of  race  or  creed,  the 
equal  protection  of  laws  and  the  enjoyment  of 
all  rights  and  privileges  open  to  them  under  the 
covenants  of  our  treaties  of  friendship  and  com- 
merce ;  and,  if  under  existing  treaties  the  right 
of  travel  and  sojourn  is  denied  to  American  citi- 
zens, or  recognition  is  withheld  from  American 
passports  by  any  countries  on  the  ground  of  race 
or  creed,  we  favor  the  beginning  of  negotiations 
with  the  governments  of  such  countries  to  se- 
cure by  treaties  the  removal  of  these  unjust 
discriminations. 

We  demand  that  all  over  the  world  a  duly  au- 
thenticated passport,  issued  by  the  government 
of  the  United  States  to  an  American  citizen,  shall 
be  proof  of  the  fact  that  he  is  an  American  citi- 
zen, and  shall  entitle  him  to  the  treatment  due 
him  as  such. 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  43 

We  favor  the  election  of  United  States  Sena- 
tors by  tHe  direct  vote  of  the  people. 

We  favor  the  admission  of  Oklahoma  and  the 
Indian  Territory.  We  also  favor  the  immediate 
admission  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  as  sepa- 
rate States,  and  a  Territorial  government  for 
Alaska  and  Porto  Rico. 

We  hold  that  the  officials  appointed  to  admin- 
ister the  government  of  any  Territory,  as  well  as 
with  the  District  of  Alaska,  should  be  bona  iide 
residents  at  the  time  of  their  appointment  of  the 
Territory  or  District  in  which  their  duties  are  to 
be  performed. 

We  demand  the  extermination  of  polygamy 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  and 
the  complete  separation  of  Church  and  State  in 
political  affairs. 

We  denounce  the  Ship  Subsidy  bill,  recently 
passed  by  the  United  States  Senate,  as  an  iniqui- 
tous appropriation  of  public  funds  for  private 
purposes,  and  a  w^asteful,  illogical  and  useless 
attempt  to  overcome  by  subsidy  the  obstructions 
raised  by  Republican  legislation  to  the  growth 
and  development  of  American  commerce  on  the 
sea. 

We  favor  the  upbuilding  of  a  merchant  marine 
without  new  or  additional  burdens  upon  the 
people,  and  without  bounties  from  the  public 
treasury. 

We   favor   liberal    trade    arrangements    with 


44  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

Canada  and  with  peoples  of  other  countries 
where  they  can  be  entered  into  with  benefit  to 
American  agriculture,  manufactures,  mining  or 
commerce. 

We  favor  the  maintenance  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine  in  its  fullest  integrity. 

We  favor  the  reduction  of  the  army  and  of 
army  expenditures  to  the  point  historically 
demonstrated  to  be  safe  and  sufl&cient. 

The  Democracy  would  secure  to  the  surviving 
soldiers  and  sailors  and  their  dependents  gener- 
ous pensions,  not  by  an  arbitrary  executive 
order,  but  by  legislation  which  a  grateful  people 
stand  ready  to  enact. 

Our  soldiers  and  sailors,  who  defend  with 
their  lives  the  Constitution  and  the  laws,  have  a 
sacred  interest  in  their  just  administration. 
They  must,  therefore,  share  with  us  the  humili- 
ation with  which  we  have  witnessed  the  exaltation 
of  court  favorites,  without  distinguished  service, 
over  the  scarred  heroes  of  many  battles ;  or 
aggrandized  by  executive  appropriations  out  of 
the  treasuries  of  a  prostrate  people  in  violation 
of  the  act  of  Congress  which  fixed  the  compen- 
sation of  allowances  of  the  military  officers. 

The  Democratic  party  stands  committed  to 
the  principles  of  civil  service  reform,  and  we 
demand  their  honest,  just  and  impartial  enforce- 
ment. 

We  denounce  the   Republican   party   for   its 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  45 

continuous  and  sinister  encroacHments  upon  the 
spirit  and  operation  of  civil  service  rules,  where- 
by it  has  arbitrarily  dispensed  with  examinations 
for  office  in  the  interests  of  favorites  and  employed 
all  manner  of  devices  to  overreach  and  set  aside 
the  principles  upon  which  the  civil  service  is 
established. 

The  race  question  has  brought  countless  woes 
to  this  country.  The  calm  wisdom  of  the 
American  people  should  see  to  it  that  it  brings 
no  more. 

To  revive  the  dead  and  hateful  race  and  sec- 
tional animosities  in  any  part  of  our  common 
country  means  confusion,  distraction  of  business 
and  the  reopening  of  wounds  now  happily  healed. 
North,  South,  East  and  West  have  but  recently 
stood  together  in  line  of  battle  from  the  walls  of 
Pekin  to  the  hills  of  Santiago,  and  as  sharers  of 
a  common  glory  and  a  common  destiny,  we 
should  share  fraternally  the  common  burdens. 

We,  therefore,  deprecate  and  condemn  the 
Bourbon-like,  selfish  and  narrow  spirit  of  the 
recent  Republican  Convention  at  Chicago,  which 
sought  to  kindle  anew  the  embers  of  racial  and 
sectional  strife,  and  we  appeal  from  it  to  the 
sober,  common  sense  and  patriotic  spirit  of  the 
American  people. 

The  existing  Republican  Administration  has 
been  spasmodic,  erratic,  sensational,  spectacular 
and  arbitrary.     It  has  made  itself  a  satire  upon 


46  DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM. 

the  Congress,  the  courts  and  upon  the  settled 
practices  and  usages  of  national  and  interna- 
tional law. 

It  summoned  the  Congress  into  hasty  and 
futile  extra  session  and  virtually  adjourned  it, 
leaving  behind  its  flight  from  Washington  un- 
called calenders  and  unaccomplished  tasks. 

It  made  war,  which  is  the  sole  power  of  Con- 
gress, without  its  authority,  thereby  ursurping 
one  of  its  fundamental  prerogatives.  It  violated 
a  plain  statute  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as 
plain  treaty  obligations,  international  usages 
and  constitutional  law,  and  has  done  so  under 
pretense  of  executing  a  great  public  policy  which 
could  have  been  more  easily  effected  lawfully, 
constitutionally  and  with  honor. 

It  forced  strained  and  unnatural  constructions 
upon  statutes,  usurping  judicial  interpretation 
and  substituting  Congressional  enactment  decree. 

It  withdrew  from  Congress  their  customary 
duties  of  investigation  which  have  heretofore 
made  the  representatives  of  the  people  and  the 
States  the  terror  of  evil  doers. 

It  conducted  a  secretive  investigation  of  its 
own  and  boasted  of  a  few  small  convicts,  while 
it  threw  a  broad  coverlet  over  the  bureaus  which 
had  been  their  chosen  field  of  operative  abuses 
and  kept  in  power  the  superior  officers  under 
whose  administration  the  crimes  had  been  com- 
mitted. 


DEMOCRATIC  PLATFORM.  47 

It  ordered  assault  upon  some  monopolies,  but 
paralyzed  by  its  first  victory,  it  flung  out  the  flag 
of  truce  and  cried  out  that  it  would  not  '^  run 
amuck,"  leaving  its  future  purposes  beclouded 
by  its  vacillations. 

Conducting  the  campaign  upon  this  declara- 
tion of  our  principles  and  purposes,  we  invoke 
for  our  candidates  the  support,  not  only  of  our 
great  and  time  honored  organization,  but  also 
the  active  assistance  of  all  of  our  fellow-citizens, 
who,  disregarding  past  differences  upon  questions 
no  longer  an  issue,  desire  the  perpetuation  of  our 
constitutional  government  as  framed  and  estab- 
lished by  the  fathers  of  our  republic. 


THE  NOMINATIONS. 

Memorable  in  the  history  of  national  conven- 
tions will  be  the  record-breaking  all-night  session 
at  which  Judge  Parker  was  nominated.  When 
Cleveland  was  nominated  in  1892  daylight  was 
streaming  in,  but  when  Parker  was  nominated 
the  convention  hall  had  long  been  illuminated 
by  the  light  of  day,  and  the  delegates  went  out 
into  busy  streets.     It  was  five  minutes  of  six. 

Judge  Parker  of  New  York,  was  nominated 
for  President  on  the  first  ballot,  at  5.45  o'clock 
Saturday  morning.  He  received  658  votes  on 
votes  on  the  roll  call,  but  before  the  result  of  the 
ballot  was  announced,  enough  votes  were  changed 
to  insure  Parker's  nomination. 

The  ballot  gave  Parker  658  votes  out  of  the 
667  needed  to  nominate,  and  before  the  result 
could  be  announced,  Idaho,  Nevada,  Washing- 
ton and  others  made  changes  to  the  Parker 
column. 

Governor  Dockery,  of  Missouri,  moved  to 
make  the  nomination  unanimous,  and  it  was 
carried  amid  increasing  cheering.  The  result  of 
the  ballot  was  not  announced  ofiicially. 

Eight  names  were  presented  to  the  Conven- 
tion for  the  Presidential  nomination.  Nomi- 
nating and  seconding  speeches  innumerable  were 
48 


HON.  ALTON   B.   PARKER 

THE    DEMOCRATIC    NOMINEE    FOR    PRESIDENT 


HENRY  G.  DAVIS. 
Democratic  Nominee  for  Vice-President. 


THE   WHITE    HOUSE-WASHINGTON 


HON.  GKORGE  GRAY. 


JUDSON  HARMON 


DAVID   B.    HII.I, 


WILLIAM    J.     BRYAN 


ARTHUR  P.   GORMAN 


BKNJAMIN   R.  TII.I.MAN 


THE  NOMINATIONS.  49 

made,  and  as  dawn  approaclied  it  became  neces- 
sary to  limit  the  seconding  speeches  to  four 
minutes  each. 

An  exception  was  made  in  the  case  of  W.  J. 
Bryan,  who,  in  one  of  the  most  dramatic  situa- 
tions ever  witnessed  in  a  political  gathering, 
addressed  the  Convention,  and  concluded  by 
seconding  the  nomination  of  Senator  Francis  M. 
Cockrell,  ^'  the  favorite  son  "  candidate  from  Mis- 
souri. 

Judge  Parker  was  placed  in  nomination  by 
Martin  W.  Littleton,  of  Brooklyn.  The  domon- 
stration  at  the  mention  of  the  jurist's  name 
lasted  twenty-five  minutes. 

W.  R.  Hearst  was  placed  in  nomination  by 
D.  M.  Delmas,  of  California.  A  great  demon- 
stration also  greeted  his  name. 

Judge  George  Gray's  name  was  presented  by 
ex-Congressman  L.  Irving  Handy. 

Congressman  Champ  Clark  named  Senator 
Cockrell,  of  Missouri ;  Mayor  Rose,  of  Milwau- 
kee, presented  the  name  of  Edwin  C.  Wall,  of 
Wisconsin  ;  Richard  Olney's  name  was  presented 
by  Mayor  Patrick  Collins,  of  Boston ;  David 
Overmeyer,  of  Kansas,  presented  General  Miles' 
name,  and  Delegate  Cole,  of  North  Dakota, 
placed  John  Sharp  Williams  in  nomination. 

The  leaders  had  agreed  upon  Henry  G.  Davis 
as  the  candidate  for  Vice-President,  and  after  a 
prolonged  recess,  the  final  session  was  called  to 
4 


50  THE  NOMINATIONS. 

order  at  5.30  o'clock.  In  the  midst  of  this  pro- 
ceeding, seemingly  moving  on  to  a  foregone  con- 
clusion, there  came  one  of  the  most  dramatic 
situations  known  to  American  politics. 

A  message  from  Judge  Parker,  pointedly  de- 
claring himself  as  favoring  the  gold  standard 
and  unwilling  to  accept  a  nomination  from  the 
Convention  should  his  views  be  unsatisfactory  to 
the  Convention,  threw  the  assemblage  into  an 
uproar,  and  the  leaders,  in  consternation,  hastily 
conferred,  to  agree  upon  a  course  of  action. 

The  Vice-Presidency  was  forgotten.  The  Con- 
vention was  hastily  dismissed  and  a  new  battle 
was  on,  which  was  not  concluded  until  past  mid- 
night, and  though  the  Vice  Presidential  nomina- 
tion was  quickly  concluded  when  reached  again,  it 
was  1.20  A.  M.  before  this  had  been  accomplished. 

Judge  Parker's  telegram  was  addressed  to  Wil- 
liam F.  Sheehan,  and  was  as  follows : 

'^  I  regard  the  gold  standard  as  firmly  and  irre- 
vocably established,  and  shall  act  accordingly  if 
the  action  of  the  Convention  of  to-day  shall  be 
ratified  by  the  people.  As  the  platform  is  silent 
on  the  subject,  my  views  should  be  made  known 
to  the  Convention,  and  if  they  are  proved  to  be 
unsatisfactory  to  the  majority,  I  request  you  to 
decline  the  nomination  for  me  at  once,  so  that 
another  may  be  nominated  before  adjournment." 

After  hours  of  excitement,  anxiety  and  debate, 
the   Convention  found  a  way  out  of  what  had 


THE  NOMINATIONS.  51 

seemed  an  unsurmoun table  difficulty  and   sent 
this  reply  : 

"  The  platform  adopted  by  this  Convention  is 
silent  on  the  question  of  the  monetary  standard, 
because  it  is  not  regarded  by  us  as  a  possible 
issue  in  this  campaign,  and  only  campaign  issues 
were  mentioned  in  the  platform.  Therefore,  there 
is  nothing  in  the  views  expressed  by  you  in  the 
telegram  just  received  which  would  preclude  a 
man  entertaining  them  from  accepting  a  nomi- 
nation on  said  platform." 


ALTON  B.  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

Fifty-two  years  ago — the  exact  date  is  May 
14,  1852 — a  man-child  came  into  this  world  in  a 
plain,  roomy  farmhouse  in  that  rich,  middle 
region  of  New  York  State  which  is  most  typical 
of  bucolic  thrift  and  plenty. 

The  man-child's  lineage  was  truly  American, 
traced  back,  but  not  very  far  at  that,  to  ancestors 
who  blended  in  themselves  most  of  the  worthy 
qualities  of  the  English-speaking  race,  therein 
being  included  both  of  the  insular  strains  of 
the  Celt.  His  great-grandfather,  John  Parker, 
was  a  soldier  in  Washington's  army. 

His  father,  the  second  John  Parker,  came  from 
Massachusetts  to  Cortland  Count}^,  then  other- 
wise known,  about  the  beginning  of  the  last 
century.  About  midway  between  the  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania  and  the  great  northern  lake, 
when  nearly  all  the  land  was  still  more  wooded 
than  it  was  crop-bearing,  he  cleared  a  large  farm 
for  himself.  Some  of  Cooper's  remnants  of 
Indians  were,  in  that  day,  still  threading  the 
forest,  and  railways  were  undreamed  of. 

The   memories   and   traditions   of  that  early 

epoch  of  family  history  hovered,  as  it  were,  over 

Alton  Brooks  Parker  when  he  was  a  little  lad, 

and,  as  he  grew,  gave  him  that  intimate  compre- 

52 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  53 

hension  of  the  distinctively  American  character 
and  life  which  has  also  been  noted  of  such 
leaders  as  Jackson,  Webster,  Clay  and  Lincoln. 
Furthermore,  he  was  developed — through  adoles- 
cence into  manhood — largely  in  the  school  of 
hearty,  generous  outdoor  labor,  and,  like  nearly 
every  American  leader  who  has  amounted  to 
much,  he  found  the  true  scope  and  value  of  his 
intellectual  powers  through  an  education  the 
pecuniary  means  for  which  were  partly  gained 
by  his  own  industrious  and  persevering  efforts. 

The  farm  in  Cortland  County,  at  the  time  he 
was  born,  was  still  of  that  primitive  sort  which 
was  a  small  world  in  itself.  Agriculture  in 
America  was,  until  the  last  half  of  the  century, 
an  almost  self-sufficing  calling.  Linen-weaving, 
woolen-weaving  and  carpet-weaving  were  still 
practiced  in  the  home ;  and  the  whir  of  the 
spinning-wheel  was  the  housewife's  habitual 
music,  where  now  the  cheap  piano  tinkles  from 
the  tawdrily  decorated  parlor. 

The  farmer,  in  a  crude  fashion,  knew  many 
simple  trades.  Judge  Parker  is  a  product  of 
that  plain,  faithful,  toilsome,  frugal,  substantial 
country  life  of  old,  examples  of  which  have 
grown  so  rare  that  they  are  now  to  be  specially 
remarked. 

In  the  foregoing  facts  is  found  the  key  to 
Alton  B.  Parker's  temperament,  character  and 
trend   of  intellect.     Not   only    in   the   political 


54  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

sense,  but  in  the  nnpartisan  sense  of  the  word, 
is  lie  a  Democrat — not  cliiefly,  as  Jefferson  was, 
by  intellectual  choice,  but  by  natural  destiny. 
His  simplicity  is  innate,  not  in  any  degree 
assumed,  or  dependent  upon  reasoned  motives. 

Few  contrasts  in  the  personal  histories  of 
American  statesmen  or  jurists  are  more  marked 
than  that  of  Judge  Parker's  position  to-day  and 
the  position  of  the  humble  farm  boy  in  his  round  of 
labor  in  barn  and  field.  Even  Abraham  Lincoln, 
who  conned  his  first  books  in  a  log  cabin,  by  the 
light  of  the  pine  fagots  on  the  hearth,  and  rose 
to  be  the  second  greatest  figure  in  the  national 
epopee,  never  possessed  a  beautiful  and  restful 
country  home  such  as  Judge  Parker's,  nor  was 
in  an  easy  position  as  to  fortune  when  he  was 
called  to  the  White  House. 

Judge  Parker,  though  very  moderately  rich, 
has  most  of  the  things  that  the  heart  can  desire, 
and  for  political  honors,  even  those  of  the  highest 
grade,  he  has  never  been  violently  ambitious. 
From  the  barefoot  farm  boy  to  the  much-lauded 
Chief  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  the 
great  State  of  New  York  is  in  itself  a  very 
impressive  transition  ;  yet  to  those  who  have 
studied  his  career  it  appears  in  every  respect 
natural  and  logical. 

Judge  Parker's  grandfather  was  possessed  of 
considerable  education  for  a  farmer  of  that  period, 
and    his    grandmother,    Elizabeth    Brooks,    had 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  55 

very  great  strength  of  mind  and  will.  His 
grandfather's  health  failed  in  middle  life,  and  he 
devoted  a  great  part  of  his  time  to  study.  His 
reputation  for  learning  spread  all  over  the  coun- 
tryside. 

He  was  considered  successful,  too,  in  business 
affairs,  and  while  he  held  a  large  mortgage 
on  the  homestead  farm,  which  he  had  sold  to 
Judge  Parker's  father,  he  also  acquired  other 
real  estate  and  much  personal  property.  Among 
his  papers  his  distinguished  grandson  found, 
some  years  ago,  a  receipt  for  $500  paid  for  stock 
of  the  Syracuse  and  Binghamton  Railroad  long 
before  it  was  built,  an  evidence  of  his  public 
spirit. 

Judge  Parker's  father  was  the  eldest  of  six 
children,  and  the  burden  of  family  leadership  in 
affairs,  after  the  failure  of  John  Parker's  health, 
fell  upon  him.  Judge  Parker's  reverence  for  his 
father's  memory  and  high  appreciation  for  his 
manly  qualities  are  among  his  conspicuous  traits. 
He  likes  to  talk  of  his  father,  and  his  friends 
feel  no  restraint  in  repeating  what  he  has  said 
to  them  on  the  subject. 

John  Parker  was  very  young  when  he  assumed 
this  family  burden  ;  but  he  was  strong,  faithful 
and  always  kind.  He  was  of  the  sort  who  take 
up  their  responsibilities  without  murmuring  and 
carry  them  to  the  end.  Finally  he  became  able 
to   purchase    the   farm,  the  price   being  $6000, 


56  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

much  more,  Judge  Parker  avers,  than  it  would 
now  bring. 

This  was  some  two  years  before  Judge  Parker 
was  born.  His  mother,  of  New  England  descent, 
was,  before  her  marriage,  Miss  Harriet  Stratton. 
She  is  still  living,  at  the  age  of  80  years,  with 
her  daughter,  Mrs.  Mary  L.  Miles,  at  Derby, 
Conn.  She  has  great  intelligence  and  refine- 
ment and  a  well-informed  mind.  Judge  Parker's 
brother,  Frederick  H.  Parker,  is  an  insurance 
examiner,  residing  in  New  York  city.  The 
homestead  at  which  the  three  children  all  spent 
their  childhood  is  250  acres  in  extent,  and  lies 
about  four  miles  northwest  of  the  village  of 
Cortland,  the  county  seat.  Judge  Parker  is  its 
owner,  and  his  great  affection  for  it  will  probably 
never  permit  him  to  part  with  it. 

Judge  Parker  speaks  of  his  father  in  simple 
but  moving  terms.  There  was  a  great  deal  of 
illness  in  the  family.  Nevertheless,  John  Brooks 
Parker  never  retrograded,  but  almost  always  ad- 
vanced in  his  worldly  affairs.  The  Judge  cor- 
rects a  statement  which  has  gone  through  the 
press  to  the  effect  that  when  he  himself  started 
out  in  life  his  father  disapproved  of  his  course, 
and  refused  to  aid  him. 

''  Our  home,''  said  the  Judge,  ''was  a  lovely 
one,  and  our  father  did  all  that  he  possibly  could 
for  us.  In  the  later  years  he  procured  a  piano 
for  my  sister.     The  only  person  whom  he  reall}^ 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  57 

Stinted  in  any  way  was  himself.  His  influence  over 
us  was  very  great.  I  was  just  as  anxious  to  help 
with  the  work  on  the  farm  as  if  it  had  been  my 
own.  He  had  a  way  of  developing  the  judgment 
of  each  of  his  children.  He  consulted  me  about 
everything  concerning  the  management  of  the 
farm,  as,  for  instance,  whether  such  or  such  a 
field  ought  to  be  plowed,  and  to  what  crop  it 
ought  to  be  put,  etc.  I  was  not  able  to  see, 
until  I  grew  up,  why  he  did  this.  Now  I  know 
it  was  to  form  my  judgment. 

''In  the  same  way  he  strove  to  develop  char- 
acter in  us.  He  was  never  cross  with  us.  He 
never  punished  us.  When  we  did  anything  con- 
trary to  his  wishes,  it  was  quite  enough  punish- 
ment for  us  to  know  that  he  felt  hurt  over  it." 

Judge  Parker's  mot'ier,  however,  has  been 
quoted  as  saying  ;chat  she  herself  sometimes 
punished  him  slightly  with  a  switch,  when  he 
was  very  young  and  very  mischievous ;  but, 
she  added,  as  he  grew  older  he  became  as  good 
a  boy  as  one  could  desire. 

Alton  attended  the  district  school  until  he  was 
thirteen  years  old.  Then  he  was  sent  away  to 
the  old  Cortland  Academy  for  the  fall  and  winter 
terms,  but  he  spent  the  springs  and  summers  at 
work  on  the  farm.  Even  after  he  began  to  teach 
and  until  his  nineteenth  year,  he  returned  each 
summer  to  aid  in  the  farm  work. 

The  story  of  Judge  Parker's  first  engagement 


68  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

as  a  teacher  should  be  told  in  his  own  words. 
He  had  rounded  out  his  pedagogic  equipment  by 
attendance  at  the  Cortland  Normal  School,  and 
had  procured  a  certificate  which  set  forth  his 
educational  qualifications. 

''  I  thought/'  said  Judge  Parker,  "  that  I 
ought  to  go  away  and  teach,  and  so  help  out  with 
the  family  expenses  a  little.  I  passed  the  exam- 
ination and  got  a  certificate,  and  then  I  rode  off 
across  the  country  until  I  found  a  school  with 
which  the  district  magnates  were  willing  to  en- 
trust me.  When  I  returned  I  told  my  father 
what  I  had  done,  and  I  felt  rather  proud  that  I 
had  found  a  place  so  promptly.  But  he  was  dis- 
appointed. He  had  watched  young  men  all  his 
life,  he  said ;  and  he  had  always  remarked  that 
when  they  made  a  failure  of  any  important  thing 
at  the  outset  they  went  on  making  failures  all 
the  way  through  life." 

^'I  think  you  are  very  young  for  what  you 
have  undertaken,''  he  added.  ''  I  am  sorry,  too, 
because  the  trustees  here  in  our  district  want  you 
to  teach  for  them,  and  the  pay  is  fifty  cents  a  day 
more  than  you  will  get  where  you  have  engaged 
yourself." 

"  I  told  my  father  that  I  would  prefer  to  teach 
near  home,  and  suggested  that  perhaps  the  other 
trustees  would  readily  release  me.  I  shall  not 
forget  the  tone  of  his  answer.  '  Never,  never  I' 
he  exclaimed.     ^  When  you  once  put  your  hand 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  59 

to  the  plow,  never  turn  back.  But  examine 
thoroughly  hereafter  anything  into  which  you  are 
about  to  enter  before  you  do  so." 

"  That  was  a  hard  school,  that  first  one.  It 
was  fortunate  for  me  that  my  father  had  talked, 
to  me  as  he  had  of  the  meaning  of  failure  and 
about  never  turning  back  from  a  duty  under- 
taken. I  think  what  he  said  strengthened  me, 
prepared  me  for  what  was  to  come,  and  enabled 
me  to  acquit  myself  better  than  I  would  have 
done.  He  drove  me  over  to  my  school.  Just  as 
I  got  out  of  the  wagon  at  the  house  of  one  of  the 
trustees  where  I  was  to  leave  my  trunk,  the 
latter  came  out  to  meet  us,  and  said  to  me : 

"  Well,  young  man,  one  of  the  boys  of  our 
school  saw  you  when  you  were  here  the  other 
day,  and  said  he  didn't  think  it  would  take  long 
to  put  you  out." 

'  I  asked  what  was  meant  by  this,  a  question, 
of  course,  which  should  have  occurred  to  me 
before. 

"  '  Why,  you  see,'  answered  the  trustee,  ''  the 
boys  put  three  teachers  out  of  the  school  last 
winter,  and  one  of  them  was  forty-five  years  old, 
and  he  went  out  through  the  window.' 

"  I  saw  that  my  father  sujBfered  when  this  was 
said  to  me.  He  had  just  about  all  he  could  do 
to  keep  the  tears  back.  He  thought  that  I  was 
going  to  have  a  hard  time  at  that  school,  and 
that,  perhaps,  I  would  fail  in  what  I  had  set  out 


60  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

to  do.  But  his  warning  to  me  had  given  me 
time  to  think,  and  I  had  made  np  my  mind  that 
I  wasn't  going  away  from  there  except  as  master. 

"  My  resolution  was  tested  on  the  second  day 
of  my  teachership.  A  trustee's  son  was  the  first 
to  rebel.  He  was  larger  than  I  was,  although  I 
was  pretty  sturdy  and  agile,  as  country  boys  are 
apt  to  be,  if  they  indulge,  as  I  had  done,  in 
wrestling  and  other  physical  sports  that  are  com- 
mon among  them.  This  boy  put  an  old-fashioned 
loco-foco  match,  the  kind  that  smell  of  sulphur 
and  brimstone,  on  the  hot  stove.  The  result  was 
decidedly  disagreeable,  and  the  issue  of  disci- 
pline and  order  was  at  once  raised.  I  stepped 
from  the  platform,  where  my  desk  was,  and 
walked  down  toward  the  place  where  the  boy  sat, 
wondering  what  I  was  going  to  do  to  him. 

''  I  didn't  intend  anything  very  savage,  but  I 
knew  I  had  to  do  something,  or  there  was  an  end 
forever  of  all  semblance  of  authority  on  my  part. 
He  solved  the  question  as  to  what  I  was  to  do 
by  his  own  act.  As  I  approached,  he  took  hold 
of  the  bench  with  both  hands,  as  if  anticipating 
that  I  would  try  to  haul  him  off  it  by  the  collar. 
He  had  not  gotten  a  firm  hold  before  I  leaned 
over,  and,  seizing  him,  stood  him  up  on  top  of 
the  bench.  Then  he  grabbed  me,  and  we  went 
down  together  on  the  floor.  But  what  followed 
did  not  last  long,  and  there  was  no  more  question 
of  my  supremacy. 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  61 

"  One  of  tlie  little  fellows  came  to  me  just  as 
school  was  out  and  said :  '  Jim  (that  was  the  big 
boy)  says  he's  going  to  tell  his  father,  and  he'll 
have  you  attended  to.'  I  thought  it  was  about 
time  that  I  began  to  attend  to  that  end  of  the  case 
myself.  So  I  took  a  different  direction  from  the 
usual  one  when  I  left  the  schoolhouse,  walking 
toward  the  house  of  Jim's  father.  I  met  him  just 
as  he  was  crossing  the  road,  and,  Jim  and  several 
other  boys  being  present,  told  him  the  whole 
story.  Jim  hung  his  head  with  a  very  hand-dog 
look,  and  the  father  said,  "  Well,  I  think  you 
have  punished  him  enough ;  but  if  3^ou  have  to 
do  it  again,  you  let  me  know,  and  after  you  have 
got  through,  I  will  do  some  of  it  myself.'  " 

To  intimate  friends  Judge  Parker  has  told 
how  the  nature  of  his  career  was  determined. 
^'  It  was  a  little  thing,"  he  said,  "  that  led  me 
into  a  choice  from  which  I  never  wavered.  Since 
I  made  that  choice  I  have  never  thought  for  a 
moment  of  any  other  calling  as  possible  for  me. 
My  father  was  a  juryman  during  a  term  of  court 
at  the  county  seat.  I  used  to  drive  him  to  the 
Court  House  in  the  morning,  return  to  my  work 
on  the  farm  and  then  go  for  him  with  a  horse  at 
six  in  the  evening.  It  happened  that  a  celebrated 
breach  of  promise  case  was  up  for  trial. 

"  The  parties  were  of  social  prominence  and 
somewhat  wealthy.  I  remember  especially  that 
the  young  man  was  very  handsome.     Two  dis- 


62  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

tinguished  outside  counsel  were  engaged  in  ti^e 
case — Albert  Charles  Sedgwick,  of  Syracuse,  and 
Milo  Goodrich,  of  Dry  den,  an  old-time  circuit 
rider,  whose  practice  covered  several  counties. 
The  case  interested  me  so  much  that  on  the  first 
day  I  asked  my  father  if  I  could  not  stay  and 
listen  instead  of  going  home  to  work.  He  con- 
sented, and  I  watched  the  trial  of  the  case  from 
beginning  to  end. 

^*  The  pleas  of  the  lawyers,  the  examinations 
and  cross-examinations,  the  speeches  on  either 
side,  and,  finally,  the  summing  up,  all  impressed 
me  very  profoundly  with  the  one  thought — that  I 
wished  to  become  a  lawyer.  My  mind  was  made 
up.  I  never  ceased  to  pursue  this  subject  from  that 
time  on.  Of  course,  it  was  such  a  boyish  way 
in  which  to  arrive  at  such  a  conclusion ;  yet  it 
influenced  my  life,  and  I  do  not  think  that  I 
made  a  mistake.  I  would  not  advise  other  young 
men,  however,  to  act  upon  that  sort  of  impression 
without  greater  determining  reasons. 

''  I  have  never  consented  for  political  prefer- 
ment to  turn  aside  from  that  chosen  career.  I 
have  never  had  ambition  for  high  place." 

Judge  Parker  says  that  of  all  our  great  men 
he  earliest  began  to  study  the  character  of  Wash- 
ington; but  he  owns  that  Thomas  Jefferson  is 
his  political  ideal.  His  whole  manner  of  life  in 
fact  shows  that  Jeffersonian  simplicity  is  one  of 
his  favorite  aims.  Yet,  though  never  an  aspirant 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  63 

for  any  political  office  lower  tHan  that  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  he  gave  earnest  many 
years  ago  of  his  ability  to  become  a  supreme 
master  in  political  arts. 

His  earliest  legal  mentor  was  Augustus  Schoon- 
maker,  of  Kingston,  afterward  Attorney  General 
of  the 'State  of  New  York.  Alton  B.  Parker,  a 
very  young  lawyer,  took  up  the  cause  of  Judge 
Schoonmaker,  who  had  been  unjustly  relegated 
from  the  judicial  office  he  had  held,  organized  a 
wonderful  campaign  and  achieved  his  reinstate- 
ment by  the  vote  of  the  people.  Some  years 
later  he  consented  to  manage  the  canvass  of 
David  B.  Hill  for  the  Governorship  of  New 
York,  and  made  it  a  brilliant  success.  Samuel 
J.  Tilden  admired  his  political  acumen,  and  it 
was  usually  understood  that  Parker  sat  figura- 
tively at  the  feet  of  the  "  Sage  of  Gramercy  Park  '' 
in  the  interpretation  of  Jefifersonian  doctrine. 

He  was  consulted  by  the  greatest  practical 
politicians  of  his  party  and  was  offered  nomina- 
tions to  the  Governorship  and  a  high  appoint- 
ment in  the  Federal  official  household.  Had 
he  not  been  resolved  to  become  and  remain  a 
great  jurist,  Alton  B.  Parker  might  have  long 
ere  this  have  gone  very  far  in  a  purely  political 
career.  But  nothing  short  of  the  Presidency  has 
ever  tempted  him,  other  than  the  honors  and  the 
zest  of  achievement  offered  by  the  judicial  career. 

From  the  start  he  liked  politics.     In  1877  he 


64  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

was  elected  Surrogate  of  Ulster  County,  having 
been  brought  into  prominence  by  managing  the 
successful  campaign  of  Mr.  Scboonmaker  for 
County  Judge. 

In  1883  Parker's  six-year  term  as  Surrogate 
of  Ulster  County  expired,  and  lie  was  once  more 
elected,  this  time  by  a  largely  increased  plurality, 
and  in  1884  lie  became  a  power  in  State  politics. 
All  the  Democratic  warriors — Daniel  Manning, 
William  C.  Whitney,  Edward  Cooper,  David  B. 
Hill,  Abram  S.  Hewitt,  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  Edward 
K.  Apgar  and  their  friends — cottoned  to  Parker, 
the  young,  handsome,  debonnair,  clever  Demo- 
crat, who  had  won  in  two  pitched  battles  in 
which  was  considered  a  normal  Republican 
county.  Parker  went  as  a  Democrat  to  the 
Democratic  National  Convention,  and  there,  with 
Daniel  Manning  and  others  of  Grover  Cleveland's 
friends,  succeeded  in  nominating  Mr.  Cleveland 
for  President. 

With  Cleveland's  election  David  B.  Hill  be- 
came a  political  power  through  succeeding  Cleve- 
land as  Governor.  In  the  fall  of  1885  Mr.  Hill 
was  a  candidate  for  election  as  Governor,  and 
Mr.  Parker  on  his  way  to  New  York  in  a  railroad 
train,  found  himself  confronted  with  Mr.  Hill 
and  several  other  prominent  Democratic  politi- 
cians, who  insisted  upon  his  managing  Mr.  Hill's 
campaign  as  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  Democratic  State  Committee. 


JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER.  65 

Mr.  Parker  at  first  declined  peremptorily  to 
toucli  the  place,  saying  that  such  a  place  was 
not  in  the  line  of  his  profession  as  a  lawyer,  but 
he  finally  consented  to  take  it  for  that  campaign 
only.  It  proved  to  be  a  campaign  which  had  to 
be  managed  with  great  skill,  but  Mr.  Parker,  by 
his  genius  as  a  tactician  and  his  masterful  knowl- 
edge of  the  State,  brought  Hill  in  a  winner  over 
Ira  Davenport  by  1 1 ,000  plurality. 

Upon  the  death  of  Justice  Theodore  R.  West- 
brook,  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court  in  1885, 
Governor  Hill  appointed  Judge  Parker  to  fill  the 
vacancy.  The  following  year  Judge  Parker  had 
proved  to  be  such  a  satisfactory  Judge  that  he 
was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  and  the 
Republican  party  put  forward  no  candidate 
against  him.  His  election  as  a  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  followed. 

In  January,  1889,  the  second  division  of  the 
Court  of  Appeals  was  created  and  Justice  Parker 
was  appointed  to  it  by  Governor  Hill,  the  Judge 
being  the  youngest  man  who  ever  sat  in  the 
Court  of  Appeals  in  the  State.  He  was  then 
only  thirty-eight  years  old. 

He  retained  this  of&ce  until  the  dissolution  of 
the  court  in  1892.  Then,  at  the  request  of  other 
judges,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Flower  a 
member  of  the  general  term  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  first  department,  and  continued  at 
work  in  New  York  City  until  the  creation  of  the 
5 


6Q  JUDGE  PARKER'S  CAREER. 

appeal  division  of  the  Supreme  Court,  when  he 
resumed  the  duties  of  the  trial  terms  in  his  ovrn 
district.  In  November,  1897,  J^^R^  Parker  was 
elected  Chief  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

When  you  meet  Judge  Parker  and  talk  with 
him,  you  cannot  but  recognize  in  him  a  whole 
man,  a  true  man,  a  man  of  a  very  high  type. 
Sincerity  seems  to  breathe  from  all  his  being. 
He  is  modest,  but  not  self-effacing.  He  has  led 
the  kind  of  life  that  conserves  the  power  of  fresh 
conception  and  relative  appreciation.  This  per- 
haps goes  hand  in  hand  with  that  quality  in  his 
manner  which  sometimes  almost  spells  difi&dence. 
In  a  man  of  a  certain  bigness  of  heart  and  intel- 
lect, this  fresh  consciousness  is  absolutely  re- 
freshing to  his  fellow-man  who  comes  in  contact 
with  him. 


HENRY  G.  DAVIS, 

NOMINEE    FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

It  may  not  be  known  generally  that  the  nomi- 
nee for  Vice  President  on  the  Democratic  ticket, 
Henry  G.  Davis,  is  a  first  consin  of  Arthur  Pue 
Gorman,  United  States  Senator  from  Maryland, 
and  a  recognized  power  in  Democratic  politics. 
While  he  is  credited  to  West  Virginia,  Mr.  Davis 
is  almost  as  much  a  Marylander  as  he  is  a  West 
Virginian.  His  mother  and  Senator  Gorman's 
mother  were  sisters. 

Thoughout  his  long  business  career,  until  a 
comparatively  recent  date,  Mr.  Davis  was  ac- 
customed to  make  Baltimore  his  winter  residence, 
preferring  it  to  Washington,  where  he  had  spent 
several  years  as  a  United  States  Senator.  His 
extensive  railroad  and  coal  interests  were  focussed 
into  Baltimore  headquarters  until  his  son-in-law, 
Stephen  B.  Elkins,  assumed  managerial  control. 

The  nominee  for  Vice  President  is  8i  years 
old,  having  been  born  November  i6,  1823.  ^^ 
the  person  meeting  and  conversing  with  him 
he  does  not  appear  to  be  more  than  60  years 
of  age.  In  fact,  he  is  more  active  than  the 
average  man  of  60 ;  his  health  is  excellent,  his 
constitution  strong,   his  mind  alert.     Not  long 

67 


68  NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

ago  he  rode  forty  miles  on  horseback  in  one  day 
along  the  line  of  railroad  he  is  building  from  his 
home  town  of  Elkins  to  Charleston,  a  distance 
of  nearly  200  miles,  and  he  felt  the  effects  no 
more  than  would  a  cowboy  upon  a  Western 
cattle  ranch. 

Henry  G.  Davis  was  a  boy  in  his  teens  when 
his  father  died,  and  he  was  forced  not  only  to 
support  himself,  but  also  to  assist  in  supporting 
his  mother.  His  first  employment  was  upon  a 
farm,  and  his  love  for  the  vocation  of  farming 
never  has  left  him.  He  is  still  a  farmer,  as  well 
as  railroad  builder,  mine  owner,  banker,  capital- 
ist and  statesman. 

At  the  age  of  19  he  obtained  a  position  as  a 
brakeman  on  a  freight  train  on  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio.  Railroading  was  then  in  its  infancy, 
and  that  great  system,  which  now  operates 
thousands  of  miles  of  road,  and  has  done  so 
much  for  the  development  of  Western  Maryland, 
West  Virginia,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  the 
other  States  of  that  section,  then  operated  only 
a  single  line  of  track  between  Baltimore  and 
Cumberland. 

It  was  thought  to  be  a  wonderful  enterprise, 
as,  indeed,  it  was  in  those  days,  but  insignificant 
as  compared  with  its  great  operations  of  to-day. 
Yet  that  line  was  the  beginning  of  railroad 
building  in  America,  and  the  position  of  freight 
brakeman  that  Henry  G.  Davis  held  upon  the 


NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT.  69 

line  was  the  beginning  of  his  remarkable  career 
and  of  his  enormous  fortune.  In  those  days 
there  were  no  telegraph  lines  to  aid  in  running 
trains,  and  it  was  thought  impossible  to  operate 
cars  after  dark.  Accidents  were  frequent,  and  it 
required  great  nerve  and  energy  to  surmount 
the  difficulties  which  daily  confronted  the  train- 
men. 

There  were  then  none  of  the  safeguards  which 
now  surround  the  lives  of  the  men  who  operate 
the  swift-running  trains  on  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio.  The  services  of  young  Davis  were  so 
efficient  that  he  was  soon  promoted  to  be  freight 
conductor  and  afterward  to  passenger  conductor. 

It  was  while  serving  in  this  latter  capacity 
that  he  met  and  formed  the  acquaintance  of 
Henry  Clay,  w^ho  was  a  passenger  upon  Mr. 
Davis'  train  while  going  from  his  Kentucky 
home  to  the  capital  and  returning.  Clay  would 
board  the  train  in  Baltimore  and  leave  it  at  its 
western  terminus,  and  make  the  journey  over 
the  mountains  into  Kentucky  in  the  old-fashioned 
stage  coach.  Mr,  Davis  got  his  first  taste  for 
politics  from  Henry  Clay  in  his  conversations 
with  that  great  statesman  during  these  trips  over 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  and  he  cast  his  first 
ballot  for  the  great  Commoner  for  President. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  grew,  and  Mr.  Davis 
grew  with  it.  He  was  quick  to  realize  the  great 
possibilities  of  what  was  then  Western  Virginia ; 


70  NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

he  foresaw  its  development  and  realized  its 
immense  resources,  its  Hidden  wealth  of  ore,  oil 
and  timber,  and  he  invested  his  savings  in  these 
rich  lands. 

The  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  found  him  a 
man  of  means,  of  great  energy,  of  growing 
experience,  good  judgment  and  engaged  in  lay- 
ing the  foundation  of  the  fortune  which  he  now 
possesses.  Although  the  war  caused  him  to 
sustain  temporary  losses,  he  was  a  loyal  Union 
man  throughout  the  struggle. 

When  the  great  conflict  was  at  an  end  and 
West  Virginia  had  become  a  separate  Common- 
wealth, Mr.  Davis  branched  forth  into  still 
greater  fields  of  effort,  and  he  has  since  been 
instrumental  and  active  in  every  movement  look- 
ing toward  the  development  of  the  vast  resources 
of  that  State.  No  man  has  done  more  to  make 
West  Virginia  the  great  wealth-producing  State 
that  it  is  to-day  than  Henry  G.  Davis.  He  is 
conspicuously  identified  with  all  of  its  leading 
interests ;  in  the  production  of  coal,  oil,  timber, 
in  railroad  building,  town  building  and  a  dozen 
or  more  enterprises  of  various  kinds. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Mr.  Davis  first  entered 
politics.  Having  been  a  strong  Union  man,  his 
sympathies  were  at  first  with  the  Republican 
party,  and  he  became  a  candidate  for  the  Legis- 
lature. The  discovery  of  trickery  and  dishon- 
esty  on   the   part  of  some   of  the   Republican 


NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT.  71 

leaders  in  tlie  State  at  that  time,  however,  turned 
him  from  the  party. 

Thoroughly  honest  and  upright  himself  in  all 
of  his  dealings,  he  could  not  tolerate  dishonesty 
in  politics,  and  he,  therefore,  cut  loose  entirely 
from  the  Republican  organization  and  joined  the 
opposition.  In  1866  he  was  elected  to  the  lower 
House  in  the  legislature  as  a  Union-Conserva- 
tive, and  took  a  leading  part  in  its  deliberations. 
Two  years  later  he  was  chosen  State  Senator  as 
a  Democrat. 

In  187 1,  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator 
from  West  Virginia,  as  a  Democrat,  succeeding 
W.  T.  Willey.  He  received  almost  the  unani- 
mous vote  of  the  Legislature,  even  Republicans 
voting  for  him.  Six  years  later  he  was  re-elected, 
and  during  two  years  of  the  latter  period,  when 
the  Democrats  were  in  control  of  the  Senate,  he 
held  the  important  position  of  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Appropriation.  He  was,  in  fact, 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Senate. 

At  the  expiration  of  his  second  term  he  de- 
clined to  become  a  candidate  for  re-election, 
fearing  that  by  longer  service  in  the  Senate  he 
would  jeopardize  his  business  interests  in  the 
State  by  reason  of  his  inability  to  devote  his 
entire  time  and  attention  to  them.  By  retiring 
from  of&ce  Senator  Davis  did  not  cease  his  inter- 
est in  political  affairs ;  he  continued  to  take  an 
active  part  both  in  State  and  national  politics. 


72  NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT. 

and   his   opinions   and  judgment  carried  great 
weight  in  the  councils  of  his  party. 

In  the  Democratic  National  Convention  of 
1884,  Senator  Davis  was  one  of  the  foremost 
candidates  for  Vice  President,  and  doubtless  could 
have  had  the  nomination  had  he  consented  to 
accept  it.  It  was  believed  that  the  late  Thomas 
A.  Hendricks,  who  had  been  a  candidate  for  Presi- 
dent, would  not  accept  the  nomination  for  Vice 
President,  and  that  it  would  go  to  Senator  Davis. 

Senator  Davis  refused,  however,  to  allow  his 
name  to  be  considered  and  threw  his  strength  to 
Mr.  Hendricks,  who  was  nominated  on  the  ticket 
with  Cleveland  and  elected.  Senator  Davis  was 
called  into  consultation  v/ith  the  Democratic 
President-elect  upon  the  matter  of  the  selection 
of  members  of  his  Cabinet,  and  had  the  Treasury 
portfolio  gone  to  any  other  than  a  New  York 
man  Senator  Davis  would  undoubtedly  have 
filled  that  important  position. 

In  1888  Senator  Davis  was  urged  to  accept 
the  nomination  for  Governor,  but  declined.  In 
the  matter  of  attending  Democratic  National 
Conventions  it  is  said  that  his  record  exceeds 
that  of  any  other  Democrat  in  the  country. 
He  has  been  a  delegate  to  six  national  conven- 
tions of  his  party,  and  again  in  1904  headed 
the  West  Virginia  delegation  to  the  St.  Louis 
Convention,  making  in  all  seven  national  con- 
ventions of  which  he  has  been  a  member. 


NOMINEE,  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT.  73 

Senator  Davis  was  one  of  tlie  United  States 
delegates  who  formulated  the  scheme  for  bring- 
ing the  republics  of  North,  Central  and  South 
America  together,  which  resulted  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Bureau  of  American  Republics. 
He  was  also  a  delegate  to  the  second  interna- 
tional conference,  held  two  years  ago  in  the  City 
of  Mexico.  Another  project  in  which  Senator 
Davis  is  interested  is  the  international  railway 
project,  which  contemplates  a  continuous  road 
from  Boston  to  Santiago,  Chile  and  Buenos 
Ayres. 

In  this  undertaking  he  is  associated  with  An- 
drew Carnegie.  Senator  Davis  and  Mr.  Carnegie 
provided  the  funds  for  sending  representatives 
to  Central  and  South  America  to  investigate  the 
project.  The  Senator  realizes,  of  course,  that  it  is 
a  work  of  the  future,  and  that  while,  despite  his 
good  health  and  prospects  of  many  years  of  use- 
ful life,  he  may  not  live  to  see  it  an  accomplished 
fact,  he  wishes  to  be  known  as  one  of  those  who 
forsaw  the  possibilities  and  was  the  first  to  aid 
in  the  undertaking. 

Mr,  Davis'  business  interests  are  enormous. 
It  was  his  conception  to  build  the  West  Virginia 
Central  and  Pittsburg  Railroad,  running  from 
Cumberland,  Md.,  along  the  banks  of  the  Poto- 
mac to  its  source  on  the  summit  of  the  moun- 
tains and  continuing  beyond  into  the  valley  of 
the  western  slope  of  the  Alleghenies.     By  open- 


74  NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-P,RESIDENT. 

ing  up  access  to  the  coal  and  timber  lands  of  the 
greatest  value  he  sprang  at  once  into  an  impor- 
tant position  in  West  Virginia  affairs. 

Public  life  finally  brought  him  into  contact 
with  prominent  men  of  wealth,  and  before  he 
had  left  the  United  States  Senate  he  had  enlisted 
several  in  the  enterprise  he  had  in  mind.  The 
road  was  the  fruition  of  his  labors,  and  he  was 
President  of  the  company  from  its  organization, 
in  1 88 1,  until  its  comparatively  recent  sale  to 
the  Wabash  in  connection  with  the  Western 
Maryland  Railroad.  The  coal  mines  and  timber 
industry  opened  up  by  the  railroad  have  proved 
immensely  profitable  to  Mr.  Davis  and  his  asso- 
ciates. He  is  also  largely  interested  in  banking 
enterprises.  In  the  management  of  some  of 
these  interests  his  son-in-law,  United  States 
Senator  Stephen  B.  Elkins,  of  West  Virginia, 
co-operates  with  him. 

In  Tucker  county,  West  Virginia,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  3,100  feet  from  the  sea  and  not  more  than 
250  miles  therefrom,  in  the  midst  of  magnificent 
timber  forests  underlaid  with  coal,  is  the  town  of 
Davis,  located  by  Mr.  Davis,  after  whom  it  was 
named.  It  is  now  a  prosperous  community  of 
2,500  inhabitants.  In  1890  the  West  Virginia 
Central  and  Pittsburg  Railway  was  extended 
into  Randolph  county.  West  Virginia,  and  a  town 
was  laid  out  by  Senator  Davis  and  his  business 
associates,  to  which  was  given  the  name  of  Elkins. 


NOMINEE  FOR  VICE-PRESIDENT.  75 

Here  Senator  Davis  has  established  his  home 
and  built  one  of  the  finest  residences  in  the  State. 

He  has  given  practical  proof  of  his  attach- 
ment to  the  places  in  which  he  has  dwelt.  In 
Piedmont,  W.  Va.,  his  former  home,  he  gave  a 
handsome  building,  now  known  as  the  Davis 
Free  School.  During  the  winter  of  1894-1895 
he  sent  a  letter  to  the  Governor  of  West  Virginia 
offering  to  give  $50,000  for  the  establishment  of 
a  girl's  industrial  school  on  certain  conditions  to 
be  fulfilled  by  the  State,  and  the  Legislature 
agreed  to  meet  the  conditions. 

At  Elkins  he  built  and  gave  to  the  Presbyte- 
rian parish  a  beautiful  stone  structure  known  as 
the  Davis  Memorial  Church,  and  in  company 
with  his  son-in-law,  Senator  Elkins,  endowed  a 
Presbyterian  college  to  be  located  at  Elkins. 

In  1853  Mr.  Davis  married  Miss  Kate  A- 
Bantz,  daughter  of  Mr.  Gideon  Bantz,  of  Freder- 
ick, Md.  They  had  five  children :  Hallie  D., 
wife  of  United  States  Senator  Stephen  B.  Elkins  ; 
Kate  B.,  wife  of  Lieutenant  Commander  R.  M. 
G.  Brown,  U.  S.  Navy ;  Miss  Grace  T.  Davis, 
Henry  G.  Davis,  Jr.,  and  John  T.  Davis. 

The  esteem  in  which  ex-Senator  Davis  is  held 
by  the  Democrats  of  West  Virginia  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  they  had  arranged  to  make  him,  by 
unanimous  vote,  their  candidate  for  Governor 
this  year,  fully  expecting  to  regain  control  of  the 
State  under  his  magnetic  leadership. 


76  CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS. 


ROBERT  E.  PATTISON. 

TJOBERT  EMORY  PATTISON,  late  Governor 
"*-^  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born  at  Qnantico,  Md., 
December  8th,  1850.  His  father,  Robert  Henry 
Pattison,  a  native  of  Maryland,  was  born  Jan. 
22nd,  1824  ;  graduated  from  Dickinson  College  in 
1843  ;  entered  the  Philadelphia  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  1846;  filled  a 
number  of  prominent  appointments  in  Philadelphia 
and  elsewhere  ;  was  a  Presiding  Elder  from  1869 
to  1872;  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.,  from  Dick- 
inson in  1867  ;  was  for  several  years  chaplain  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  in  Pennsylvania ;  and 
at  his  death  in  Philadelphia,  February  14,  1875, 
was  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  popular  ministers 
of  his  church.  His  mother,  Catherine  P.  Woolford, 
was  a  grand-daughter  of  Col.  Thomas  Woolford, 
of  the  Maryland  line  in  the  Revolution.  When 
Robert  was  six  years  old,  his  father  was  appointed 
to  Asbury  church,  Philadelphia.  He  obtained  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  that  city,  and 
was  graduated  from  the  Central  High  School,  de- 
livering the  valedictory  address. 

In  1869,  on  the  recommendation  of  Prof  Riche, 
of  the  high  school,  he  entered  the  law  office  of 
Lewis  C.  Cassidy,  then  one  of  the  most  brilliant 


CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADEES.  7T 

advocates  of  the  Philadelphia  bar,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  in  1872.  He  had  good  prospect  of  suc- 
cess as  a  lawyer,  but  his  career  was  destined  to  be 
political  rather  than  legal. 

In  1877  he  was  named  as  a  candidate  of  the 
Democratic  party  for  Auditor-General  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  on  first  ballot  in  the  convention  stood 
next  to  William  P.  Schell,  who  was  nominated  and 
elected.  A  few  m-onths  later,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Mr.  Cassidy,  he  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
City  Controller  of  Philadelphia.  This  depart- 
ment, like  others  in  the  city  government  at  the 
time,  was  badly  managed,  and  if  he  should  be 
elected  he  would  have  a  task  of  reform  before  him 
that  needed  a  good  deal  of  experience  and  a  very 
level  head.  The  people  were  ripe  for  revolt,  and 
he  was  elected  Controller  by  a  majority  of  2,000, 
although  the  Republican  candidates  on  the  State 
ticket  carried  the  city  by  6,000  majority. 

Mr.  Pattison  entered  upon  his  duties  January  1, 
1878,  and  recognizing  the  fact  that  he  had  been 
elected  to  reform  the  office  and  its  methods,  he  set 
about  his  work  with  a  determination  to  honestly 
administer  its  affairs.  He  found  the  credit  of  the 
city  impaired;  its  paper  at  a  discount  in  the  money 
market — but  by  adopting  a  funding  plan,  order 
was  brought  out  of  chaos ;  and  such  was  the 
appreciation  of  his  services  by  the  people  that  at 
^he  expiration  of  his  three-years  term,  he  was  re- 


78  CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS. 

elected  by  a  majority  of  13,593  over  his  contest- 
ant, one  of  the  most  esteemed  citizens  and  success- 
ful merchants  of  Philadelphia.  This  was  not  a 
triumph  of  party,  but  one  due  to  the  personal  and 
exceptianal  ability  with  which  Mr.  Pattison  had 
discharged  his  office,  for  it  was  at  a  time  when  the 
Republican  candidate  for  President  carried  the 
city  by  over  20,000  majority. 

This  popularity  placed  him  in  1882  as  an  avail- 
able candidate  for  Governor.  After  a  close  and 
vigorous  contest  in  the  State  convention  he  was 
nominated,  and  in  November  of  that  year  was 
elected  by  a  plurality  of  40,202  over  his  Republi- 
can opponent.  Gen.  Jas.  A.  Beaver,  although  for 
thirty  years  previously  his  party  had  been  in  a 
minority  in  the  State.  This  result  was  due  more 
to  his  vigorous  and  independent  personality  and 
to  his  successful  administration  of  the  finan- 
cial affairs  of  the  metropolis,  than  to  the  dissen- 
sions in  the  Republican  ranks  at  that  particuiaf 
time. 

During  his  administration,  the  finances  of  the 
State  were  economically  managed  and  the  State 
debt  steadily  reduced.  Although  hampered  at  every 
step  by  the  legislative  branch  of  the  government, 
which  was  in  the  control  of  his  political  opponents, 
he  was  patient  and  persevering,  setting  his  face 
against  extravagant  appropriations,  and  holding 
the  corporations  of  the  State  to  a  strict  obedience 


CELEBEATEt>  POLITICAL  LEADERS.  Y9 

to  the  Constitution  and  the  laws.  His  success  was 
a  phenomenal  one. 

Under   the   Constitution  of   Pennsylvania   the 

Governor  cannot  succeed  himself,  so  that  at  the 

\  end  of  his  term,  January  18, 1887,  he  retired  from 

office.    A  leading  opposition  newspaper  at  that  time 

gave  this  testimony  • 

'"'  Gov.  Pattison  retires  from  office  with  the  en- 
comiums of  political  friends  and  foes,  with  thu  '  well 
dones '  of  the  people  ringing  in  his  ears  to  cheer 
his  heart.  He  has  been  a  good  Governor.  He 
made  that  sort  of  a  ruler  that  the  people  like.  He 
was  bold  and  fearless,  and  he  was  not  afraid  to  do 
and  say  what  he  thought  was  right.  Even  his 
bitterest  enemies  in  his  own  party  were  forced  to 
admire  the  man  who  rejected  unwise  counsel  and 
followed  it  to  the  line.  The  people  admire  a  man 
of  brains,  and  they  are  quick  to  recognize  an  honest 
official.  Gov.  Pattison  fills  the  measure  of  these 
qualifications.  He.  will  be  heard  from  in  the 
future." 

In  the  light  of  subsequent  events  the  last  sen- 
tence seems  almost  prophetic.  Upon  returning  to 
private  life  he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in 
Philadelphia.  Three  months  later  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  Chestnut  Street  National  Bank. 
He  had  previously  declined  the  Auditorship  of  the 
Treasury  tendered  him  by  President  Cleveland, 
but  afterwards  accepted  an  appointment  as  Pacific 


80  CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS. 

Railroad  Commissioner,  and  was  elected  President 
of  that  commission.  His  report  on  the  relations 
of  that  corporation  to  the  government  is  one  of  the 
ablest  and  most  valuable  papers  in  the  financial 
history  of  the  land-aided  roads  and  on  the  existing 
status  of  their  debt  to  the  government.  On  the 
completion  of  his  work  as  head  of  the  Commission 
he  returned  to  Philadelphia  and  devoted  his  atten- 
tion to  the  bank. 

He  was  a  lay  delegate  to  the  General  Conference 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church  in  1884  and 
1888;  in  1890  fraternal  delegate  to  the  General 
Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church  South,  and  in 
1891,  a  delegate  to  the  Methodist  (Ecumenical 
Council,  held  in  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1884, 
Dickinson  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Laws.  In  1890,  owing  to  the  errors 
of  the  Republican  party,  the  Democracy  seized  the 
golden  opportunity  and  again  nominated  Mr.  Pat^ 
tison  to  the  Executive  office.  His  campaign  was 
a  vigorous  and  aggressive  one,  and  his  speeches 
were  masterly  presentations  of  the  real  issues 
before  the  people. 

For  a  second  time  he  carried  Pennsylvania  on  a 
platform  of  reform,  being  elected  by  a  majority  of 
16,554,  although  the  Republican  candidates  for 
Lieutenant-Governor  and  Secretary  of  Internal 
Affairs  were  elected  by  majorities  above  20,000. 
His  victory  gave  him  a  position  of  national  impor- 


GROVER    CLEVELAND 


HON.    J.     B.     RICHARDSON 


HON.  JOHN  S.  WII.I.IAMS. 


WIIvUAM   V.   ALJwEN 


JAMES  M.  GUFFEY. 


RICHARD    OIvNEY. 


ROBERT    E.    PATTISON 


GEORGE  B.   McCIvELLAN 
Mayor  of  Greater  New  York 


JOSEPH  C.  S.   BLACKBURN 


HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


COPYRIGHT,    1899,    BY    ROCKWOOD,    N.  Y. 

RICHARD    CROKER 


HENRY  WATTER30N 


CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS.  81 

tance.  He  was  inaugurated  January  20,  1891,  for 
the  term  of  four  years. 

Mr.  Pattison  enjoys  the  perfect  confidence  not 
only  of  his  own  party,  but  of  the  community  in 
general.  Many  would  hail  his  nomination  for  the 
Presidency  with  enthusiasm. 

His  public  life  is  a  proof  that  honesty  and  up- 
rightness of  purpose  are  honored  and  appreciated 
by  the  mass  of  American  voters,  and  that  it  pays  in 
the  long  run  for  one  to  be  true  to  all  that  is  implied 
in  the  golden  rule.  There  is  a  wide  distinction 
between  the  peanut  politician  and  the  high-minded 
statesman  who  is  incorruptible. 

Mr.  Pattison  is  a  type  of  the  old-fashioned, 
reliable,  sturdy  voter  and  statesman,  who  have 
made  our  American  history  and  brought  our  social 
and  political  life  into  the  highest  repute.  His  name 
is  a  synonym  of  noble  worth  and  citizenship. 

DAVID    B.    HILL. 

AMONG  the  distinguished  leaders  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  no  one  is  more  prominent  than 
Senator  Hill.  A  man  of  intellectual  force,  ener- 
getic and  aggressive  nature,  sound  judgment  on 
party  issues,  magnetic  and  eloquent  as  a  speaker, 
having  the  ability  to  command  and  control  men, 
experienced  in  public  affairs,  and  having  risen  from 
comparatively  humble  life,  he  combines  in  a  sin- 
gular degree  nearly  all  the  elements  which  render 
6 


82  CELEBEATED  POLITICAL  LEADEES. 

a  statesman  popular  and  draw  to  him  the  con- 
fidence of  the  people. 

Mr.  Hill  was  born  in  Havana,  Chemung  Co., 
N.  Y.,  August  29th,  1843.  His  mind  in  early  life 
inclined  to  the  study  of  law,  and  we  therefore  find 
that  his  first  employment  was  in  a  lawyer's  office 
in  his  native  village.  He  had  obtained  a  good 
common-school  education,  and  shown  himself  to  be 
a  thorough  scholar,  diligent  at  his  books,  and  some- 
what shy  of  social  life,  fearing  that  it  might  inter- 
fere with  his  life  purposes  and  pursuits.  He  was 
Buch  a  lad  as  the  neighbors  predicted  would  have  a 
useful  and  honorable  career.  The  old  saying,  "the 
boy  is  the  father  of  the  man  "  was  true  in  his  case, 
and  he  gave  promise  at  this  early  period  of  one 
day  holding  a  high  position  in  his  professirn  as 
well  as  in  public  life.  He  afterward  studied  law 
in  Elmira,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1864. 

In  course  of  time,  he  received  the  appointment 
of  city  attorney,  and  in  this  office  drew  wide  atten- 
tion for  the  aggressive,  skillful  and  able  manner  in 
which  he  conducted  his  cases.  During  this  time 
his  attention  was  turned  to  politics,  for  wlrch  he 
seemed  to  have  a  natural  taste  and  adaptation. 
He  was  located  in  a  community  with  excellent 
schools  and  where  the  people  generally  took  a 
deep  interest  not  only  in  their  own  local  affairs, 
but  in  the  larger  questions  which  affected  the 
nation.     He   was  many  times  a  delegate  to  the 


CELEBEATED  POLITICAL  LEADEKS.  83 

Democratic  State  Conventions,  and  was  made  the 
permanent  chairman  of  those  held  in  1877  and 
1881. 

He  was  also  prominent  in  the  Democratic  Na- 
tional Conventions  of  1876  and  1884,  where  he 
began  to  command  attention  as  a  leader,  shaping 
to  some  extent  the  policy  of  his  party.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  New  York  Legislature  of 
1870  and  1871,  rendering  valuable  service  upon 
committees  and  being  recognized  as  one  of  the 
foremost  leaders  of  that  body.  In  1882  he  was 
elected  Mayor  of  Elmira,  a  tribute  to  the  con- 
fidence placed  in  him  by  his  fellow-townsmen. 
During  this  year  Grover  Cleveland  received  the 
nomination  for  Governor  of  the  State  of  Ne\< 
York,  and  Mr.  Hill  was  nominated  with  him  for 
the  office  of  Lieutenant-Governor.  The  campaign 
of  this  year  and  the  great  success  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  are  matters  of  history.  Mr.  Hill 
threw  himself  heartily  into  the  campaign,  took  the 
stump  and  by  his  speeches  contributed  largely  to 
the  result. 

When  Mr.  Cleveland  resigned  in  1884,  having 
been  elected  President  of  the  United  States,  Mr. 
Hill  succeeded  him  as  Governor  of  New  York. 
In  1885  he  was  made  the  candidate  for  Governor 
and  was  elected  for  the  full  term  of  three  years. 
His  course  during  this  time  commended  itself  to 
his  party,  and  he  became  his  own  successor  in  1888, 


84  CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADEES. 

being  re-elected  over  Warner  Miller,  who  was 
made  the  nominee  for  Governor  by  the  Kepublican 
party.  The  position  and  influence  he  had  already 
gained  pointed  him  out  as  a  suitable  candidate  for 
the  position  of  United  States  Senator,  to  which 
position  he  was  chosen  by  the  Legislature  of  New 
York,  to  succeed  that  distinguished  and  able  law- 
yer and  statesman,  Wm.  M.  Evarts,  of  whom  it 
was  said  when  he  was  made  United  States  Senator, 
"  What  more  natural  disposition  could  be  made  of 
Mr.  Evarts  than  simply  to  transfer  him  from  the 
head,  of  the  New  York  State  Bar  to  the  head  of 
the  United  States  Senate  ?  " 

By  this  time  Mr.  Hill,  being  a  man  of  resolute 
convictions,  heroic  purposes,  able  to  think  for  b'm- 
self,  and  to  defend  in  a  masterly  way  his  own 
thinking,  had  antagonized  certain  elements  of  his 
party,  who  criticised  his  alliance  wi^h  Tammany 
of  New  York  City  and  endeavored  to  bring  him 
into  disrepute.  There  was,  howev^i,  a  larger 
number  who  applauded  his  course  of  action  and 
showed  themselves  to  be  his  faithful  friends  and 
supporters.  He  opposed  the  nomination  of  Grover 
Cleveland  for  a  second  presidential  term  in  1892. 
At  this  time  there  were  many  who  would  have 
preferred  that  Mr.  Hill  should  receive  the  nomina- 
tion, and  there  was  good  reason  for  believing  that 
the  '^presidential  bee"  was  buzzing  around  his 
ears.      He   made   a   trip   through    the   Southern 


CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS.  85 

States,  delivering  speeches  at  many  points,  but 
failed  to  command  the  support  of  his  party  for 
the  presidential  nomination  on  the  Democratic 
ticket. 

Once  in  the  Senate,  he  became  the  leader  of  a 
faction  opposed  to  Mr.  Cleveland.  His  utterances 
in  the  Senate  Chamber  were  bold,  spirited  and 
sometimes  bitter.  His  views  and  opinions,  how- 
ever, were  so  pronounced  and  so  well  sustained 
that  they  carried  great  influence  with  other  Sen- 
ators, and  he  was  able  to  defeat  several  nomina- 
tions sent  to  the  Senate  by  Mr.  Cleveland,  notably 
two  for  the  position  of  Judges  on  the  Supreme 
Bench.  No  one  maintained  that  these  nomina- 
tions were  not  good  ones,  but  as  they  did  not  com- 
mend themselves  to  Mr.  Hill,  and,  it  was  claimed, 
were  made  without  any  reference  to  his  wishes, 
he  succeeded  in  effecting  their  summary  rejection. 

In  stature  Mr.  Hill  is  rather  below  than  above  the 
average  height,  and,  although  somewhat  sparely 
built,  he  is  a  man  of  physical  strength  and  capable 
of  enduring  a  large  amount  of  labor  and  fatigue. 
Being  a  bachelor  and  unencumbered  with  domestic 
cares  and  concerns,  he  can  devote  himself  exclu- 
sively to  the  affairs  of  State.  He  shows  an  inti- 
mate acquaintance  with  the  history  of  his  party, 
he  is  far-seeing  and  shrewd,  is  a  master  of  debate, 
a  sturdy  antagonist  when  encountered,  is  perfectly 

cool    and   self-possessed,  is  skillful  in  the  use  of 
c 


86  CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS. 

invective,  and  upon  entering  the  Senate  immedi- 
ately assumed  a  commanding  position.  While 
looking  after  the  interests  of  his  native  State,  he 
has  always  been  considered  a  strong  partisan,  and 
this  must  be  accounted  one  of  the  elements  which 
have  given  him  success  among  those  of  his  own 
political  faith. 

It  is  but  just  to  say  that  Mr.  Hill  has  been 
remarkably  successful  in  his  profession  as  a  lawyer 
and  in  his  efforts  and  aspirations  as  a  politician. 
He  does  not  seem  to  writhe  under  defeat,  but 
assuming  that  there  is  another  day  coming  and 
that  the  end  is  not  yet,  he  fixes  his  face  like  a 
flint  and  pushes  on  against  every  storm  of  oppo- 
sition or  calumny.  This  in  brief  is  the  history  of 
a  man  who  exercises  great  influence  in  the  coun- 
cils of  his  party  and  is  now  prominent  before  the 
American  people. 

Mr.  Hill  has  always  been  a  stalwart  Democrat. 
In  1896  when  his  party  endorsed  the  Chicago 
Platform,  some  of  the  measures  of  which  he  con- 
sidered extremely  radical  and  ill-timed,  he  secured 
the  floor  of  the  Convention  and  began  his  speech 
with  the  memorable  utterance,  "  I  am  a  Democrat) 
but  not  a  revolutionist. ''-  This  was  taken  as  indi- 
cating his  position,  and  this  he  firmly  maintained 
throughout  the  exciting  campaign  that  followed. 
At  the  expiration  of  his  term  in  the  Senate  he 
resumed  his  law  practice  at  Albany. 


CELEBRATED  POLITICAL  LEADERS.  87 

ARTHUR   P.    GORMAN. 

ONE  of  the  most  outspoken  of  men^  with  appar- 
ently no  concealments  or  reserves,  and  with 
abilities  that  eminently  fit  him  for  the  high  po- 
sition in  which  his  party  has  placed  him,  Senator 
Arthur  P.  Gorman,  of  Maryland,  is  regarded  as  a 
model  of  candor  and  honesty  in  the  upper  branch 
of  Congress,  where  for  a  number  of  years  he  rep- 
resented his  State  as  a  conservative  Democrat. 
Senator  Gorman  was  born  in  Howard  county, 
Maryland,  March  11,  1839.  He  received  a  public 
school  education,  and  in  1852  became  a  page  in 
the  United  States  Senate,  where  he  remained  until 
1866,  at  which  time  he  was  the  Senate  postmaster. 
On  September  1  of  that  year  he  was  appointed 
Collector  of  Internal  Revenue  for  the  Fifth  District 
of  Maryland,  which  office  he  held  until  March, 
1869.  Three  months  later  he  was  made  a  direc- 
tor in  the  Chesapeake  &  Ohio  Canal  Company,  of 
which-  he  became  president  in  1872.  In  November, 
1869,  he  was  elected  to  the  Maryland  Legislature 
as  a  Democrat,  re-elected  in  1871,  and  chosen 
Speaker  of  the  House  during  the  ensuing  session. 
He  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  in  1875,  and 
served  four  years.  In  1880  he  was  chosen  to 
represent  the  State  in  the  United  States  Senate, 
succeeding  William  Pinkney  Whyte,  and  was  re- 
elected in  1886,  1892,  and  1903. 


POLITICAL  PARTIES. 


Abolitionists. 

During  the  Revolution,  and  when  the  Constitu- 
tion was  made,  various  societies  were  formed  for 
the  aholition  of  slavery,  the  first  originating  in 
Philadelphia,  April  14,  1775,  with  Benjamin 
Franklin  as  president.  A  second  society  with  the 
same  purpose  in  view,  formed  in  New  York,  Jan- 
uary 25,  1785,  with  John  Jay  as  president  (later 
succeeded  by  Alexander  Hamilton).  These  were 
the  beginnings  of  many  throughout  the  States, 
their  meetings,  publications  and  petitions  being 
treated  respectfully  until  the  development  of  cotton 
planting  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury raised  the  price  of  slaves,  when  the  struggle 
between  the  anti-slavery  and  pro-slavery  interests 
began.  The  contest  out  of  which  the  term  Aholi- 
tion grew  dates  with  William  Lloyd  Garrison's 
arraignment  of  slave-holders  as  criminals  in  1829, 
he  two  years  later  publishing  "  The  Liberator." 
This  was  afterward  followed  by  the  formation  in 
Boston  of  the  New  England  Anti-Slavery  Society, 
for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the  cause  of  emanci- 

88 


POLITICAL  PARTIES.  89 

pation,  and  with  a  similar  object  at  Philadelphia, 
the  creation  of  the  American  Anti-Slavery  Society. 

The  Abolitionists  appeared  in  1840,  as  a  distinc- 
tive party,  calling  themselves  the  Liberty  Party, 
whose  advocacy  finally  culminated  in  the  Emanci- 
pation Proclamation  of  January  1,  1863.  In 
February,  1866,  slavery  was  abolished  forever  from 
the  territory  of  the  United  States,  by  act  of  Con- 
gress. 

The  Abolition,  Whig  and  Federal  were  parties 
of  liberal  ideas  and  aggressiveness ;  when  their 
mission  was  accomplished,  each  disappeared  until 
called  into  life  to  meet  a  new  crisis. 

American. 

The  Kansas-Nebraska  bill  of  1853  occasioned  a 
split  in  the  Whigs  in  1854,  who  allied  with  the 
Know-Nothings  and  became  the  American  Party. 
In  1860  it  took  the  place  of  the  Whigs  in.  the 
South. 

In  convention  at  Philadelphia,  September  16-17, 
1887,  the  name  again  assumed  as  a  party  politic, 
founded  on  "  love  for  our  country  and  its  institu- 
tions, believing  that  America  should  be  governed 
by  Americans."     (See  Know-Nothings.) 

Anti-Federalists. 
One  of  the  first  two  political  parties  under  the 
present  Constitution,  the  outcome  of  the  Particu- 
larists.     They  were  the  opposers  of  the  Constitu- 


90  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

tion  of  the  United  States,  which  was  then  spoken 
of  as  the  Federal  Constitution. 

The  Anti-Federalists  were  unwilling  to  take  cer- 
tain great  powers  from  the  States  and  give  them  to 
the  General  Government,  were  jealous  of  the  power 
of  Congress,  too  much  national  power,  lest  a  mon- 
archy should  be  established,  and  were  strong  ad- 
herents to  rights  of  State  and  local  self-government. 

In  1791  withdrew  against  the  Constitution, 
turning  against  financial  measures  of  the  Federals 
toward-  funding  of  State  debts.  In  1796  became 
the  Republican  Party,  branching  into  JefFersonian 
Kepublicanism,  afterward  becoming  the  Democrat- 
(See  Republican  and  Democrat.) 

Anti-Monopoly. 

Formed  May  14,  1884,  at  Chicago,  under  tht 
title  of  The  Anti-Monopoly  Organization  of  the 
United  States,  demanding  economical  government, 
enactment  and  enforcement  of  equitable  laws,  in- 
cluding an  Inter-state  Commerce  Law  (a  law  en- 
acted in  1887),  establishing  Labor  Bureaus,  pro- 
viding Industrial  Arbitration,  direct  vote  for  Sena- 
tors, graduated  income  tax,  payment  of  the  na-, 
tional  debt  as  it  matures,  and  "  fostering  care  "  for 
agriculture ;  and  denouncing  the  tariff  and  grant- 
ing of  lands  to  corporations.  Joined  issue  with 
the  Greenback-Labor  Party  under  the  name  of  the 
''  People's  Party." 


POLITICAL  PAETIES.  91 

Bloody  Shirts. 

A-pplied  to  those  RepubHcans  who  are  continu- 
ally raising  the  late  war  issues ;  appealing  to  war 
sentiments.  The  term  originating  from  a  disguise 
of  the  Ku-Klux-Klan,  pictured  by  the  Republicans 
as  covered  with  negro  blood. 

Oarpet-Baggers. 

Applied  to  Northern  Republicans,  who  it  was 
alleged  came  South  after  the  war,  and  by  the  aid  of 
negro  votes  were  elected  to  local  and  State  offices. 
Being  so-called  transient  politicians,  it  was  said  they 
brought  all  their  effects  in  their  carpet-bags. 

Democrat. 

Anglicized,  from  the  French  word  democrate, 
which  finds  its  derivation  from  two  Greek  words. 
Demos  J  the  "people,"  cratos,  ^*  government,"  liter- 
ally, "  one  who  is  in  favor  of  government  by  the 
people." 

The  party  successor,  in  name  of  the  Eepuhli^ 
can,  descending  unbrokenly  from  Anti-Federalist, 
through  the  Jeffersonian  branch  of  Republicanism. 
Its  title  of  Democrat  being  fully  assumed  as  a  party 
name  in  1812,  at  the  second  election  of  Madison 
as  President ;  in  fact,  as  a  party  it  has  remained 
almost  intact,  both  in  form  and  name,  from  the 
first  Presidential  election  (1789),  being  aided  by 
conservatism  and  a  policy  of  negation, 


92  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

The  adoption  of  the  word  Democrat  traceable  tc 
the  introduction,  in  1793,  by  Citizen  Genet,  of 
France  (imitative  of  the  Jacobin  Clubs  of  Paris),  of 
sociable  clubs,  known  as  "Democratic  Societies;" 
the  first  being  instituted  in  Philadelphia,  on  May 
30  of  that  year. 

The  party  constructed  and  maintained  upon 
the  principle  of  popular  government  or  popular 
sovereignty,  wdth  an  indifference  to  the  sub- 
ject of  slavery  as  to  whether  it  was  voted  up  or 
down. 

In  1860  it  lost  a  section  on  squatter  sovereignty 
which  took  the  name  of  National  Democrats.  In 
1872  it  endorsed  the  Liberal  Republicans  as  to  the 
necessity  of  reform,  a  change  demanded,  lest  the 
disease  of  one  political  organization  infect  the  body 
politic,  and  lest  in  making  no  change  of  men  or 
parties  the  country  obtains  no  change  of  measures 
and  no  real  reform. 

Dough-Paces. 

Applied  in  1820,  from  a  remark  that  "  they 
were  plastic  in  the  hands  of  demagogues ;  "  a 
reference  to  the  action  of  certain  Republicans,  who, 
for  the  sake  of  a  compromise,  voted  in  favor  of 
striking  slavery  out  of  the  Missouri  Bill. 

Also  used  as  a  nickname ;  given  to  Northern 
favorers  and  abettors  of  negro  slavery ;  meaning  a 
politician  who  is  accessible  to  political  influences 


POLITICAL  PARTIES.  93 

and  considerations.  Likewise  given  to  such  North- 
ern members  of  Congress  as  manifested  especial 
willingness  to  fall  in  with  the  views  and  demands 
of  the  South  on  questions  involving  slavery  ;  i.  e., 
the  Northerner  false  to  the  principles  of  free- 
dom, or  the  Southerner  false  to  the  principles  of 
slavery. 

Federalist. 

From  the  French  word  Federaliste,  derived  from 
Latin  fcedus,  foederis  ;  a  covenant,  a  league. 

One  of  the  first  two  political  parties  under  the 
new  Constitution  (1787).  It  was  the  outcome  of 
the  strong  government  Whigs  opposing  every  pre- 
liminary step  looking  to  the  abandonment  of  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  and  the  adoption  of 
the  Federal  Constitution,  in  which  it  eventually 
succeeded,  thereby  creating  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, hence  its  name.  It  was  the  political  party 
which  favored  the  administration  of  Washington 
for  President. 

Through  Adams'  administration,  the  Alien  and 
Sedition  laws  lost  to  the  party  the  election  of 
1800.  In  1808  it  recovered  with  a  strong  minority, 
though  bitterly  opposing  the  war  policy  of  the 
Republicans,  on  which,  as  a  party,  it  eventually 
split,  merging  into  the  Whigs.  As  a  party  it 
disappeared  with  its  candidate  of  1816,  Rufus 
King. 


94  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

Fire-Eaters. 
Applied  in  1857  to  strong  anti-slavery  politicians 
of   the    North.     The    Southern    politician    who 
vehemently  denounced  the  Union  also  so  called. 

Free-Soilers. 

Formed   in   1848,  from   disaffected   Democrats, 

advocating  Congress  should  abolish  slavery  where 

it  constitutionally  had  the  power  so  to  do  (intended 

to  apply  to  the  District  of  Columbia),  that  it  should 

not  interfere  with  the  slave  States,  but  prohibit  it 

in  the  Territories.     It  became  the  nucleus  of  the 

modern  Republican  Party,  drawing  largely  from 

the   Whigs,  in   1848,  who  were   opposed   to  the 

Omnibus   Bill.     The   name  of  Free-Soilers  came 

from  the  party  cry  of  "  free  soil,  free  speech,  free 

labor  and  freenien." 

Grangers. 

A  secret  society  first  formed  in  Washington,  in 
1867,  and  known  as  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry; 
the  subordinate  lodges  were  known  as  granges^ 
hence  the  party  name. 

The  object  was  co-operative  among  farmers,  in 
purchasing  supplies  from  first  hands,  thereby  doing 
away  with  middle  men ;  and  while  declared  not 
to  be  political,  in  order  to  serve  the  interest  of  cer- 
tain land  ends,  it  became  necessary  that  individ- 
uals representative  of  their  interests  should  be  in 
Congress,  and  to  serve  ^is  purpose  the  combined 


rOLlTICAL  PARTIES.  95 

influence  of  the  Grangers  was  secretly  brought  to 
bear  in  voting,  so  that  in  time  a  strong  political 
party  was  in  actual  existence,  somewhat  on  the 
principle  of  the  Know-Nothings. 

G.  O.  P. 

Initial  letters  of  the  Grand  Old  Party,  a  desig- 
nation of  the  modern  Republican  Party. 

Greenback. 
Party  favoring  an  unlimited  issue  of  greenbacks 
(paper  money),  or  an  issue  based  upon  the  resources 
of  the  country,  toward  easing  the  rigors  of  a 
money  panic;  they  opposed  the  resumption  of 
specie  payments  according  to  act  passed  in  January, 
1875.  In  1884  they  amalgamated  with  the  labor 
element  under  the  name  of  National  Labor  and 
Greenback  Party,  as  against  Democrats.  Also 
called  Inflationists,  Soft-Money  Men,  and  Fiatists. 

Know-Nothings. 
Bartlett,  in  his  Americanisms,  notes:  "The 
Know-Nothing  Party  was  first  formed  by  a  person 
of  some  notoriety  in  New  York,  who  called  him- 
self ^Ned  Buntline'  (Edward  Z,  C.  Judson). 
Ned  was  once  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
Navy,  but  left  the  service,  and  commenced  the 
business  of  Americanism  on  a  large  scale,  by 
founding  a  secret  political  order,  of  so  exclusive  a 
character  that  none  were  to  be  admitted  as  mem- 
bers whose  grandfathers  were  not  natives  oi  the 


96  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

country.  It  is  a  difficult  matter  in  a  country  like 
the  United  States  where  free  inquiry  is  so  common 
to  keep  anything  secret;  and  so  Ned  instructed 
his  proselytes  and  acolytes  to  reply  to  all  questions 
in  respect  to  the  movements  of  the  new  party,  '  I 
don't  know.'  So  that  they  were  at  first  called 
Dont-Knows  and  then  Know- Nothings,  by  outsiders, 
who  knew  nothing  further  of  them  than  that  they 
invariably  replied  to  all  questions,  '  I  don't  know/  " 
The  platform  was: 

1.  Repeal  of  all  naturalization  laws. 

2.  None  but  native  Americans  for  office. 

3.  A  pure  American  common-school  system. 

4.  War  to  the  hilt  on  Romanism. 

Ku-Klux-Klan,  or  K.  K.  K. 
X  secret  society  of  great  political  significance 
in  the  Southern  Central  States,  formed  in  1868 
for  the  intimidation  of  negro  voters  in  order  to 
defeat  the  Republicans.  They  traveled  at  night, 
disguised,  among  the  negro  sections,  not  hesitating 
at  various  outrages  on  the  race ;  and  before  their 
disbandment  by  Republican  Congressional  action 
in  1872,  it  is  stated  they  had  reached  nearly  300,- 
000  in  numbers.  Their  general  purpose  was 
similar  to  the  White  Liners  of  Louisiana. 

Labor. 
A,   general    name  given   to  labor  politics;    the 
divisions    or    factions    are    United   LahoVy    Lhiion 


POLITICAL  PARTIES.  97 

Labor,  Progi^essive  Labor,  and  the  Anti-Poverty 
Society.  All  divided  on  the  interpretation  of  the 
term,  "  the  land  for  the  people,"  and  a  direct  main- 
tenance and  protection  of  the  laborer. 

Loco-foco. 

A  division  arose  in  the  Democratic  Party  (Oct. 
29,  1835)  in  consequence  of  the  nomination  of 
Gideon  Lee  as  the  Democratic  candidate  foi  Con- 
gress, by  the  committee  chosen  for  that  purpose. 
The  nomination,  as  customary,  had  to  be  con- 
firmed at  a  general  meeting  of  Democrats,  called 
for  October  29,  1835,  at  Tammany  Hall,  New 
York  City.  Lee's  friends,  anticipating  opposition, 
assembled  in  large  numbers  in  order  to  support 
him.  The  selection  of  chairman  was  the  first 
question  that  arose,  and  it  tested  the  strength  of 
the  divisions.  The  Tammany  men  (friends  of  Mr. 
Lee)  supported  Mr.  Yarion,  while  the  Anti-Mono- 
polists did  similar  office  for  Mr.  Curtis ;  each  side 
claimed  their  party  as  the  duly  elected  presiding 
officer,  whereupon  great  confusion  ensued,  and 
during  the  excitement  the  lights  were  extin- 
guished. 

The  Equal  Rights  (Anti-Monopolists)  Party, 
having  witnessed  similar  occurrences,  or  having 
received  some  intimations  that  such  would  be  the 
course  of  their  opponents,  had  previously  provided 
themselves  with  Loco-foco  matches  and   candles, 


98  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

and  the  room  was  re-lighted  in  a  moment.  The 
meeting  continued,  and  the  Equal  Rights  section 
accomplished  their  object. 

The  "  Courier  and  Enquirer  "  newspaper  dubbed 
the  Anti-Monopolists  who  used  the  matches,  with 
the  name  of  Loco-focos. 

Mugwump. 

Imparted  in  the  Presidential  campaign  of  1884 
to  the  Independents  or  Republican  Seceders  who 
favored  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the  reason 
that  a  change  in  administration  was  necessary,  as 
twenty-four  years  was  long  enough  for  a  party  t'> 
be  in  power ;  too  long  a  life-engrafted  corruption. 

The  meaning  of  the  word  had  no  connection 
with  its  political  application  or  use,  being  taken 
up  in  the  nature  of  a  by- word,  It  was  first  used 
as  meaning  a  Seceder,  by  Gov.  Waller,  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  by  one  of  the  New  York  dailies  intro- 
duced into  the  political  literature  of  the  time. 

Mugwump  is  an  Indian  word^  occurring  in 
Eliot's  Indian  Bible,  where  it  is  used  as  an  equiv- 
alent of  "  duke,"  as  this  latter  word  occurs  in  Gen- 
esis, chapter  xxxvi. 

National. 

A  split  from  the  Prohibition  Party  in  1896.  In 
addition  to  Prohibition  it  advocates  the  free  coin- 
age of  silver,  woman  suffrage,  and  the  abolition 
of  all  trusts  and  monopolies. 


POLITICAL  PAETIES.  99 

National  Prohibition. 

Out  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Good  Tem- 
plars, instituted  in  1851  on  the  Temperance  ques- 
tion, emanated  a  faction  with  political  tendencies, 
that  favored  and  elected  Neal  Dow  as  Mayor  of 
Portland,  Me.,  1853,  and  in  1854,  as  the  Temjper- 
ance  Party  elected  Myron  Clark  as  Governor  of 
New  York.  In  1868  Illinois  and  Michigan  had 
taken  up  the  matter  on  local  issues,  and  formed 
Temperance  and  Prohibition  political  parties. 

The  first  move  toward  a  National  Party  in  the 
interest  of  Temperance  was  in  May  25,  1869,  dur- 
ing a  session  of  the  Right  Working  Grand  Lodge, 
I.  0.  G.  T.,  at  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  when  a  meeting  was 
held  to  "  favor  independent  action  for  the  promo- 
tion of  the  temperance  cause,"  resulting  in  a  call 
for  a  National  Convention  to  organize  a  National 
Prohibition  Party;  the  meeting  was  ultimately 
held  at  Chicago,  September  1,  1869. 

The  first  Temperance  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
dency on  a  National  Ticket  was  James  Black, 
nominated  in  convention  held  at  Columbus,  0., 
February  22,  1872.  The  platform  declaration  of 
principles  claimed  the  traffic  in  intoxicating  bever- 
ages a  dishonor  to  Christian  civilization,  a  political 
wrong,  and  suppression  only  effective  when  legal 
prohibition  is  both  State  and  National.  That  the 
entire  prohibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  is  declared 


100  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

to  be  a  principle  good  in  law  and  feasible  in  prac- 
tice. 

Native  American. 

The  Federalists  being  anti-alien,  the  Democrats 
naturally  sought  alliance  with  aliens,  as  foreigners 
with  the  five-year  naturalization  limit,  centering 
in  New  York,  filled  the  New  York  division  of  De- 
mocracy to  the  exclusion  of  native  Federalism,  in 
the  control  of  the  city  government,  and  to  meet 
this  condition  of  affairs  the  first  attempt  at  a  Native 
American  organization  was  made.  It  began  in 
1835,  and  with  the  mayoralty  election  of  1837 
failed,  was  renewed  in  1844,  with  the  vital  princi- 
ple of  American,  and  was  successful  in  electing  its 
mayor  of  New  York,  its  boom  being  incident  to  the 
action  of  Bishop  Hughes  in  a  speech  in  Carroll 
Hall,  1843,  in  which  he  advocated  a  distinct  or- 
ganization, as  a  party,  of  the  Irish  voters  of  New 
York.  This  was  the  first  attempt  to  organize  for- 
eign citizens  for  political  purposes.  The  party 
advocated  the  extension  of  the  naturalization  laws 
to  twenty-one  years,  which  with  other  extreme 
measures  resulted  in  its  defeat  in  1845,  through 
the  strong  opposition  of  Democrats  and  the  Irish 
and  Roman  Catholic  elements. 

People's. 

Originated  in  New  York  in  1823,  as  the  Demo- 
cratic supporters  of  Mr.  Crawford  and  the  Albany 


POLITICAL  PARTIES.  101 

Regency,  advocating  that  electors  should  be  chosen 
by  the  people  and  not  by  the  Legislature,  proclaim- 
ing they  would  favor  only  such  candidate  as  would 
avow  himself  in  favor  of  giving  the  people  the 
right  of  appointing  presidential  electors.  (See 
Anti- Monopoly . ) 

Personal  Liberty. 
Originated  in  New  York,  in  1887,  as  a  pro-liquor 
combination,  alleging  sumptuary  laws  having  no- 
where proved  effectual  in  extirpating  intemperance 
nor  in  reducing  immorality  or  vice,  but  invariably 
stirred  up  ill-feeling,  that  under  pretence  of  serving 
religion  and  morality,  of  aiding  in  the  prevention 
of  crime,  and  diminishing  the  causes  of  pauperism, 
attempts  are  multiplying  to  encroach  upon  the 
rights  of  person  and  property  guaranteed,  laws 
having  been  passed  detrimentally  affecting  time- 
honored  customs  and  individual  rights  and  privi- 
leges. "  That  as  a  political  body  they  use  all  hon- 
orable means  to  promote  the  cause  of  civil  and  re- 
ligious liberty  by  insisting  upon  the  repeal  of  the 
obnoxious  portions  of  the  excise  laws  until  that 
result  be  attained." 

Populists. 

(See  Anti-Monopoly.) 

Progressive  Labor. 

The  radical,  or  socialistic,  element  that  withdrew 
from  the  United  Labor  Party,  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 


102  POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

August  19,  1886;  their  platform  notes  that  the 
soil  of  every  country  is  the  social  and  common  in- 
heritance of  the  people  ;  that  labor  produces  all 
wealth,  which  includes  the  instruments  through 
which  alone  the  forces  of  nature  become  accessible, 
therefore  all  should  have  free  access  to  land,  and 
to  the  instruments  of  production  without  tribute 
to  landlords  and  monopolists.  That  to  the  imme- 
diate relief  of  the  working-class :  eight  hours  a 
day's  work,  no  child  labor,  no  female  labor  in  oc- 
cupations detrimental  to  health  or  morality,  an 
extension  of  the  common-school  system,  equal  pay 
to  both  sexes,  payment  of  wages  weekly,  first  lien 
for  workmen's  wages,  enactment  of  juster  laws  for 
liability  of  employer  to  employe,  abolish  contract 
system  in  prisons  and  on  public  works,  and  tene- 
ment-house manufacturing.  Have  thorough  sani- 
tary inspection  to  secure  health  of  laborers,  a  non- 
importation of  labor,  to  force  existing  beneficial 
^abor  laws,  equal  sex-citizenship  and  suffrage,  repeal 
blue  laws  interfering  with  interests  of  labor,  and 
all  conspiracy  tramp  laws,  class  legislation  and 
privileges ;  not  allow  Pinkertons ;  to  have  a  public 
ownership  in  industries  involving  public  franchises 
or  perfo!?mance  of  public  functions ;  a  direct  issue 
of  money,  not  through  the  banks ;  a  special  tax  on 
•iniim].Tovi'd  land  sufficiently  high  to  compel  its 
surrender  to  the  community;  tax  incomes  over 
$2,000  per  annum  graduated  to  be  most  heavy  on 


POLITICAL  PARTIES.  100 

monopolists ;  demand  home  rule,  and  many  other 
"progressive"  planks  of  interest  to  the  labor  class. 

Prohibition. 
(See  National  Prohibition.) 

Republicans. 

From  the  French  repuhlicain,  from  the  Latin, 
respublica,  res,  "  an  affair,"  puhlicus,  puhlica,  "  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  people,  common  to  all." 

The  outcome  of  the  Anti-Federalists,  1796. 
When  the  Bill  of  Eights  to  recognize  the  equality 
of  all  men,  and  their  rights  "to  life,  liberty  and 
the  pursuit  of  happiness,"  has  been  incorporated 
m  and  attached  to  the  Constitution  as  Amend- 
ments, the  Anti-Federalists  amalgamated  with  a 
section  of  the  Federalists,  and  at  the  suggestion  of 
the  party  leader,  Jefferson,  it  became  known  as  the 
Republican  Party,  Jefferson  promulgating  this 
name,  as  he  thought  the  name  Anti- Federalist  was 
inappropriate,  the  original  cause  of  the  name  hav- 
ing become  lost,  as  the  party  principles  were  more 
directly  the  opposers  of  Federal  party  measures. 

The  name  Republican  suggested  to  Jefferson 
through  his  being  an  ardent,  enthusiastic  friend  of 
the  French  Revolution  and  its  Republican  prin- 
ciples, and  maintained  until  1826,  when  as  repre- 
senting the  name  of  a  political  party  disappeared 
into  Democrat. 

As  a  party  name  Republican  re-appeared  in  1855, 


104  POLITICAL  PAKTIES. 

they  interpreting  its  application  as  meaning  "  na- 
tionality." The  Kepublicans  have  twice  been  a 
strong  party  politic ;  the  original  looked  upon  the 
Union  as  a  democracy,  persons,  not  States;  the 
modern  Republicans  contemplated  the  Union  as  a 
Republic  of  itself,  believing  in  its  existence  as  a 
nation-republic. 

In  1859,  the  modern  adaptation  was  called  into 
existence  solely  to  resist  the  encroachments  of 
slavery  upon  the  free  territory  of  the  Union  and 
the  free  States,  that  there  should  be  an  entire  pro- 
hibition of  the  "  twin  relics  of  barbarism,  polygamy 
and  slavery,"  that  white  slavery  must  remain  and 
be  protected  where  it  was.  In  the  Republican 
platform  the  attempt  of  John  Brown  was  de- 
nounced as  ''lawless  and  unjustifiable,"  denying 
the  authority  of  Congress,  of  a  Territorial  legisla- 
ture or  of  any  individuals  to  "  give  legal  existence 
to  slavery  in  any  territory  of  the  United  States," 
affirming  the  principles  of  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  as  essential  to  the  preservation  of 
Republican  institutions,  and  that  the  rights  of 
the  States  should  be  held  inviolate,  and  especially 
that  "  the  right  of  each  State  to  order  and  control 
its  own  domestic  institutions  according  to  its  own 
judgment  exclusively,  is  essential  to  that  balance 
of  power  on  which  the  perfection  and  endurance 
of  our  political  fabric  depends." 

In  1876,  it  demanded  a  vigorous  Southern  policy 


POLITICAL  PARTIES. 

and  arraigned  their  opponents  (Democrats)  as  seek- 
ing to  perpetuate  sectional  strife.  In  connection 
with  the  name  Repuhlican  as  a  great  party  name, 
there  occurs  a  coincidence  worthy  of  note,  the 
"  Republican  Supremacy  "  of  each  party  extended 
over  the  space  of  twenty-four  years — 1801  to  1825, 
and  1861  to  1885. 

Tammany. 

A  society,  Tammany  Society,  otherwise  called 
the  Golumhian  Order  from  1789,  composed  of 
New  York  Democrats ;  the  order  originally  formed 
by  William  Mooney  of  New  York,  an  upholsterer, 
during  the  administration  of  Washington,  in 
1789,  with  the  probable  purpose  of  antagonism  to 
the  Cincinnati  Society,  which  had  an  aristocratical 
tendency.  Tammany  originally  having  in  view 
the  preservation  of  democratic  institutions,  from 
contamination  by  the  adoption  of  any  aristocratic 
principles. 

The  name  Tammany  or  St,  Tammany  adapted 
from  the  name  of  an  Indian  chief,  Tammenund, 
tradition  alleging  "  his  attachment  to  liberty  was 
greater  than  his  love  of  life."  The  belief  is,  that 
the  name  was  one  of  fancy  in  its  selection,  having 
uo  significant  meaning. 


106 


Interesting 
Facts  about  all  our  Presidents. 


ADMINISTRATION  OF   WASHINGTON- 
1789-1797. 

The  4th  of  March,  1789,  was  the  time  appointed 
for  the  Government  of  the  United  States  to  go  into 
operation  under  its  new  organization ;  but  several 
weeks  elapsed  before  quorums  of  both  Houses  of 
Congiess  were  assembled.  The  city  of  New  York 
was  the  place  where  Congress  then  mot. 

On  the  6th  of  April  the  electoral  votes  were 
counted.  At  that  time,  and  until  1805,  each  elec- 
tor voted  by  ballot  for  two  persons.  If  a  majority 
of  all  the  votes  were  cast  for  any  person,  he  who 
received  the  greatest  number  of  votes  became 
President,  and  he  who  received  the  next  greatest 
number  became  Vice-President.  When  the  votes 
were  counted  they  were  found  to  be  for  George 
Washington,  of  Virginia,  69  (all  of  the  electors 
having  voted  for  him),  John  Adams,  of  Massachu- 
*«etts  received  34  votes,  and  35  votes  were  cast  for 
various  other  candidates. 

Charles  Thompson,  the  oldest  secretary  of  Con- 
gress, was  sent  to  Mount  Vernon  to  notify  Wash- 
ington of  his  election.  Washington  promptly  sig- 
nified his  acceptance  of  the  office,  and,  two  days 
later,  started  for  New  York.     He  was  desirous  of 

107 


108         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 

travelling  as  quietly  and  unostentatiously  as  possi- 
ble, but  lie  people  of  the  States  through  which  he 
passed  would  not  permit  him  to  do  so.  His  jour- 
ney was  a  constant  ovation.  Crowds  greeted  him 
at  every  town  with  the  most  enthusiastic  demon- 
strations of  affection  and   confidence;    triumphal 


GEOKGE  WASHIIJGTOx». 


Arches  were  erected,  and  his  way  was  strewn  with 
dowers  by  young  girls ;  and  maidens  and  mothers 
greeted  him  with  songs  composed  in  his  honor. 
In  consequence  of  these  demonstrations  his  pro- 
gress was  so  much  retarded  that  he  did  not  reach 
New  York  until  the  latter  part  of  April. 

On  the  30th  of  April  Washington  appeared  on 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.   109 

the  balcony  of  Federal  Hall,  New  York,  on  the 
site  of  which  the  United  States  Treasury  now 
stands,  and  took  the  oath  of  office  in  the  presence 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  and 
a  large  crowd  of  citizens  assembled  in  the  streets 
below.  He  then  repaired  to  the  Senate  chamber, 
and  there  delivered  an  address  to  both  Houses  of 
Congress.  The  plan  of  the  new  government 
being  now  completed,  Congress  proceeded  to  its  or- 
ganization through  the  departments  of  the  judi- 
ciary, of  state,  of  the  treasury,  of  war,  and  c/ 
attorney-general. 

President  Washington  appointed  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, of  Virginia,  Secretary  of  State,  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, of  New  York,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
General  Henry  Knox,  of  Massachusetts,  Secretary 
of  War.  John  Jay,  of  New  York,  was  made  Chief 
Justice  of  the  United  States,  and  Edmund  Ran- 
dolph, of  Virginia,  Attorney-General. 

Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
chosen  Speaker  of  the  House ;  but  his  election  was 
not  a  party  triumph,  for  parties  were  still  in  a 
state  of  utter  confusion.  Between  the  extreme 
Anti-Federalists,  who  considered  the  Constitution 
a  long  step  toward  a  despotism,  and  the  extreme 
Federalists,  who  desired  a  monarchy  modeled  on 
that  of  England — there  were  all  varieties  of  polit- 
'ical  opinion.  Washington,  through  the  universal 
eonfidence  in  his  integrity  and  good  judgment,  had 
the  ability  to  hold  together  the  conservative  men 


110   FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

of  all  parties  for  a  time,  and  prevent  party  contest 
upon  the  interpretation  of  Federal  powers  until 
the  Constitution  should  be  tested  and  its  value  de- 
monstrated to  the  people. 

In  1792  the  second  Presidential  election  took 
place.  Washington  was  anxious  to  retire,  but 
yielded  to  the  wishes  of  the  people,  and  was  again 
chosen  President  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the 
electoral  colleges  of  the  several  States. 

The  electoral  votes  were  counted  in  February, 
1793,  and  found  to  be  for  George  Washington  132 
(all  the  electors  having  voted  for  him),  for  John 
Adams  77,  for  George  Clinton  50,  for  Thomas 
Jefferson  4,  and  for  Aaron  Burr  1.  Washington 
was  inaugurated  on  the  4th  of  March,  1793. 

At  the  close  of  his  term  of  office  Washington 
withdrew  to  his  home  at  Mount  Yernon,  to  enjoy 
the  repose  he  had  so  well  earned,  and  which  was 
so  grateful  to  him.  His  administration  had  been 
eminently  successful.  When  he  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  the  Presidency  the  government  w^as  new 
and  untried,  and  its  best  friends  doubted  its  ability 
to  exist  long ;  the  finances  were  in  confusion,  and 
the  country  was  burdened  with  debt ;  the  disputes 
with  Great  Britain  threatened  to  involve  the 
country  in  a  new  war ;  and  the  authority  of  the 
general  government  was  uncertain  and  scarcely 
recognized.  When  he  left  office  the  state  of  affairs 
was  changed.  The  government  had  been  severely 
tested,  and  had  been  found  equal  to  any  demand 


PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.   Ill 

upon  it.  The  disputes  with  England  had  been  ^iT* 
ranged,  and  the  country,  no  longer  threatened  with 
war,  but  was  free  to  devote  its  energies  to  its  im- 
provement. Industry  and  commerce  were  growing 
rapidly. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  JOHN  ADAMS. 

4th  of  March,  1797— 4th  of  March,  1801. 

At  the  elections  held  in  the  fall  of  1796  the 
Federalists  put  forward  John  Adams,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, as  their  candidate,  while  the  Republicans 
or  Democrats  supported  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Vir- 
ginia. The  contest  was  very  bitter,  and  resulted  in 
the  election  of  Mr.  Adams.  Mr.  Jefferson,  receiv 
ing  the  next  highest  number  of  votes,  was  de 
clared  Vice-President,  in  accordance  with  the  law 
as  it  then  stood. 

The  electoral  vote  was  counted  in  February  and 
was  as  follows  :  For  John  Adams  71,  for  Thomas 
Jefferson  68,  for  Thomas  Pinckney  59,  for  Aaron 
Burr  30,  and  the  rest  scattering. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1797,  Mr.  Adams,  the 
second  President  of  the  United  States,  was  inau- 
gurated at  Philadelphia,  in  the  presence  of  both 
Houses  of  Congress,  and  Thomas  Jefferson  was  in- 
augurated as  Vice-President.  Mr.  Adams  was 
dressed  in  a  full  suit  of  pearl-colored  broadcloth, 
and  wore  his  hair  powdered.  He  was  in  the  sixty- 
second  year  of  his  age,  and  in  the  full  vigor  of 
health  and  intellect. 


112 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 


Mr.  Adams  made  ho  changes  in  the  cabinet 
left  by  President  Washington,  and  the  policy  of 
his  administration  corresponded  throughout  with 
that  of  his  great  predecessor.  He  came  into  office 
at  a  time  when  this  policy  was  to  be  subjected  to 


JOHN  ADAMS. 


the  severest  test,  and  was  to  be  triumphantly  vin- 
dicated by  the  trial.  Mr.  Adams  began  his  official 
career  with  the  declaration  of  his  "determination 
to  maintain  peace  and  inviolate  faith  with  all 
nations,  and  neutrality  and  impartiality  with  the 
belligerent  powers  of  Europe." 


FACTS     ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         113 

During  the  summer  of  the  year  1800  the  seat  of 
the  general  government  was  removed  from  Phila* 
delphia  to  the  new  federal  city  of  Washington,  in 
the  District  of  Columbia.  On  the  22d  of  Novem- 
ber, the  session  of  Congress  was  opened  in  the  un- 
finished capitol  of  Washington. 


THOMAS  JEFFEBSON. 


ADMINISTRATION    OP    JEFFERSON. 

4th  of  March,  1801— 4th  of  March,  1809. 

The  elections  for  President  and  Vice-President 
were  held  in  the  autumn  of  1800.     John  Adams 
8 


114   /ACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

was  the  Federalist  candidate  for  the  Presidency, 
and  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney  the  candidate 
of  that  party  for  Vice-President.  The  Republican 
or  Democratic  party  nominated  Thomas  Jefferson 
for  the  Presidency,  and  Colonel  Aaron  Burr,  of 
New  York,  for  the  Vice-Presidency.  The  alien 
and  sedition  laws  had  rendered  the  FederaHst  party 
so  unpopular  that  the  electors  chosen  at  the  polls 
failed  to  make  a  choice,  and  the  election  was 
thrown  upon  the  House  of  Representatives,  ac- 
cording to  the  terms  of  the  Constitution. 

The  votes  of  the  electoral  college  were  for 
Jefferson,  73;  Burr,  73;  Adams,  65;  Pinckney, 
64 ;  and  John  Jay,  1.  The  States  that  cast  the 
electoral  votes  of  their  colleges  for  Mr.  Jefferson 
|)d  Colonel  Burr  were  nine;  to  wit,  New  Yorl^ 
^Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Kentuck}', 
North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia.  Those  that  cast  the  electoral  votes  of 
their  colleges  for  Mr.  Adams  and  Mr.  Pinckney 
were  seven;  to  wit.  New  Hampshire,  Massachu 
setts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  New 
Jersey,  and  Delaware.  Rhode  Island  cast  one 
vote  for  Mr.  Jay,  to  prevent  that  equality  of  votes 
on  the  Federal  ticket,  which,  for  the  want  of  a 
like  precaution,  resulted  on  the  Republican  side, 
and  which  caused  so  much  excitement  and  confu- 
sion. Mr.  Jefferson  and  Colonel  Burr  having  re- 
ceived an  equal  number  of  votes,  there  was  no 
election  by  the  colleges,  as  the  Constitutiv^n  then 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.        115 

gtood.  It  then  devolved  upon  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, voting  by  States,  to  choose  for  Presi- 
dent and  Vice-President  between  Mr.  Jefferson  and 
Colonel  Burr. 

On  the  17th  of  February,  1801,  after  thirty-six 
ballots,  the  House  elected  Thomas  Jefferson  Presi- 
dent, and  Aaron  Burr  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States,  for  a  term  of  four  years  from  and  after  the 
4th  of  March,  1801. 

Thomas  Jefferson,  the  third  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  inaugurated  at  the  new  capitol, 
in  the  city  of  Washington,  on  the  4th  of  March, 
1801.  He  was  in  his  fifty-eighth  year,  and  ha( 
long  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  illustrious 
men  in  America.  He  was  the  author  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  had  represented  the 
country  as  minister  to  France,  had  served  in  the 
cabinet  of  General  Washington  as  Secretary  of 
State,  and  had  filled  the  high  office  of  Vice-Presi 
dent  during  the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams. 
He  was  the  founder  of  the  Democratic  party,  and 
was  regarded  by  it  with  an  enthusiastic  devotion 
which  could  see  no  flaw  in  his  character.  By  the 
Federalists  he  was  denounced  with  intense  bitter* 
ness  as  a  Jacobin,  and  an  enemy  of  organized  gov 
ernment.  He  was  unquestionably  a  believer  in 
the  largest  freedom  possible  to  man ;  but  he  was 
too  deeply  versed  in  the  lessons  of  statesmanship, 
and  was  too  pure  a  patriot  to  entertain  for  a  mo 
wient  the  levelling  principles  with  which  his  ene* 


116         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 

mies  charged  him.  Under  him  the  government  or 
the  republic  suffered  no  diminution  of  strength,  but 
his  administration  was  a  gain  to  the  country. 

Mr.  Jefferson  began  his  administration  by  seek- 
ing  to  undo  as  far  as  possible  the  evil  effects  of 
the  sedition  act  of  1798.  A  number  of  persons 
were  in  prison  in  consequence  of  sentences  under 
this  act  at  the  time  of  his  inauguration.  These 
were  at  once  pardoned  by  the  President  and  re- 
leased from  prison. 

At  the  meeting  of  the  seventh  Congress,  in 
December,  1801,  President  Jefferson,  in  pursuance 
of  an  announcement  made  some  time  before,  in- 
augurated the  custom  which  has  since  prevailed 
of  sending  a  written  message  to  each  House  of 
Congress,  giving  his  views  on  public  affairs  and 
the  situation  of  the  country.  Previous  to  this  the 
President  had  always  met  the  two  Houses  upon 
their  assembling,  and  had  addressed  them  in 
person. 

In  the  fall  of  1804  the  fifth  Presidential  election 
was  held.  The  Republicans,  or  Democrats,  voted  for 
Mr.  Jefferson  for  the  office  of  President ;  this  time 
Mr.  Burr  was  dropped  by  his  party,  who  nomi- 
nated George  Clinton,  of  New  York,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent in  his  place.  The  Federals  supported  Charles 
Cotes  worth  Pinckney  for  President,  and  Rufus 
King  for  Vice-President.  The  result  was  one 
hundred  and  sixty-two  electoral  votes  for  Mr. 
Jefferson  and  Mr.  Clinton,  and  fourteen  only  for 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         117 

Mr.  Pinckney  and  Mr.  King.  By  States  the  vote 
stood :  fifteen  for  the  Democratic  or  Republican 
ticket,  and  only  two  States  for  the  Federal.  These 
two  were  Connecticut  and  Delaware.  So  popular 
was  Mr.  Jefferson's  Administration,  that  the  cen- 
tralizing party,  styling  itself  "  Federal,"  had  be- 
come almost  extinct.  He  was  inaugurated  for  a 
second  term  on  the  4th  of  March,  1805. 

Aaron  Burr  had  at  last  experienced  the  reward 
of  his  insincerity  :  both  parties  had  come  to  dis- 
trust him.  After  his  defeat  for  the  Vice-Presidency 
he  had  been  nominated  by  his  party  as  their  can- 
didate for  governor  of  New  York.  He  was  warmly 
opposed  by  Alexander  Hamilton,  who  was  mainly 
instrumental  in  bringing  about  his  defeat.  Burr 
never  forgave  Hamilton  for  his  course  in  this 
election,  and  took  advantage  of  the  first  opportu- 
nity to  challenge  him  to  a  duel.  They  met  at 
Weehawken,  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  opposite 
New  York,  on  the  11th  of  July,  1804.  Hamilton, 
who  had  accepted  the  challenge  in  opposition  to 
his  better  judgment,  and  who  had  expressed  his 
intention  not  to  fire  at  Burr,  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  died  within  twenty-four  hours.  In  him  per- 
ished one  of  the  brightest  intellects  and  most 
earnest  patriots  of  the  republic.  His  loss  was 
regarded  as  second  only  to  that  of  Washington, 
and  the  sad  news  of  his  death  was  received  in  all 
parts  of  the  country  with  profound  and  unaffected 
sorrow. 


118  FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 

The  murder  of  Hamilton,  for  it  was  nothing 
else,  closed  Burr's  political  career.  His  remaining 
years  were  passed  in  restless  intrigue. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF   JAMES   MADISON. 

4th  of  March,  1809— 4th  of  March,  1817. 

In  the  election  of  1808  Mr.  Jefferson,  following 
the  example  of  President  Washington,  declined  to 
be  a  candidate  for  a  third  term,  and  the  Democratic 
or  administration  party  supported  James  Madison 
for  the  Presidency,  and  George  Clinton  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency.  The  Federal  party  again  nominated 
Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney  for  President,  and 
Rufus  King  for  Vice-President.  The  result  of  the 
election  was,  122  electoral  votes  for  Madison  and 
47  for  Pinckney,  for  President,  and  113  for  Clinton 
and  47  for  King  for  Vice-President.  By  States 
the  vote  stood :  12  for  the  Democratic  ticket,  and 
5  for  the  Federal.  These  five  were  New  Hamp* 
shire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
and  Delaware. 

James  Madison,  the  fourth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  inaugurated  at  Washington  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1809.  He  was  in  the  fifty-eighth 
year  of  his  age,  and  had  long  been  one  of  the  most 
prominent  men  in  the  Union.  He  had  borne  a 
distinguished  part  in  the  convention  of  1787,  and 
was  the  author  of  the  Virginia  resolutions  of  1786, 
which  brought  about  the  assembling  of  this  con* 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    119 

mention.  He  had  entered  the  convention  as  one 
of  the  most  prominent  leaders  of  the  national 
party,  which  favored  the  consolidation  of  the 
States  into  one  distinct  and  supreme  nation,  and 
had  acted  with  Randolph,  Hamilton,  Wilson, 
Morris,  and  King,  in  seeking  to  bring  about  such 
a  result.  When  it  was  found  impossible  to  carry 
out  this  plan  Mr.  Madison  gave  his  cordial  support 
to  the  system  which  was  finally  adopted  by  the 
convention;  and  while  the  constitution  was  under 
discussion  by  the  States,  he  united  with  Hamilton 
and  Jay  in  earnestly  recommending  the  adoption  of 
fae  constitution  by  the  States,  in  a  series  of  able 
articles,  to  which  the  general  title  of  the  "  Feder* 
alist"  was  given.  After  the  organization  of  the 
government  Mr.  Madison  was  a  member  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  was  regarded  as 
one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Federalist  party,  and  gave 
to  Hamilton  his  cordial  support  in  the  finance 
measures  of  that  minister.  Towards  the  close  of 
Washington's  administration,  however,  Mr.  Madi- 
son's political  views  underwent  a  great  change. 
He  was  a  near  neighbor  and  warm  friend  of  Mr. 
Jefferson,  and  v/as  greatly  influenced  by  the  opin- 
ions and  the  strong  personal  character  of  that  great 
statesman.  As  the  political  controversies  of  the 
time  deepened,  he  became  more  and  more  inclined 
towards  the  Republican  or  "  Strict  Construction  " 
party,  and  in  Mr.  Adams'  administration  took  his 
position  as  one  of  the  leaders  of  that  party.     At 


JAMES  MADISON, 


120 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         121 

the  time  of  his  election  to  the  Presidency,  Mr. 
Jefferson  having  withdrawn  from  public  life,  Mr. 
Madison  was  the  recognized  leader  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  as  the  Republican  party  had  come  to 
be  called. 

In  1812  Mr.  Madison  was  again  nominated  foi 
President  by  the  Democratic  party,  and  Elbridge 
Gerry,  of  Connecticut,  for  Vice-President.  De 
Witt  Clinton,  of  New  York,  was  supported  by  the 
anti-administration  or  old  Federal  party  for  Presi- 
dent, and  Jared  Ingersoll,  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
Vice-President.  Mr.  Madison  received  128  elec- 
toral votes  for  President,  and  Mr.  Clinton  89.  Mr 
Gerry  received  131  for  Vice-President,  and  Mr. 
Ingersoll  86.  By  States,  the  vote  stood  :  For  the 
regular  Democratic  candidates,  11 ;  and  for  the 
Opposition  candidates,  7.  The  eleven  States  that 
voted  for  Mr.  Madison  were  :  Vermont,  Pennsyl- 
vania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Ohio,  and 
Louisiana;  and  the  seven  that  voted  for  Mr.  Clin- 
ton were  :  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and 
Delaware. 

Mr.  Madison  was  inaugurated  President  for  a 
second  time,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1813.  The 
most  distinguishing  feature  of  his  administration 
was  the  war  with  Great  Britain.  Whatever  may 
be  thought  of  the  wisdom  or  the  policy  of  that 
war,  or  of  its  general  conduct,  the  result  unques- 


122  FACTS   ABOUT   AL;L   OUR    PRESIDENTS. 

tionably  added  greatly  to  the  public  character  of 
the  United  States  in  the  estimation  of  foreign 
powers.  The  price  at  which  this  had  been  pur- 
chased was  in  round  numbers  about  one  hundred 
million  dollars  in  public  expenditures,  and  the  loss 
of  about  thirty  thousand  men,  including  those  who 
fell  in  battle  as  well  as  those  who  died  of  disease 
contracted  in  the  service.  At  the  close  of  his 
term  Mr.  Madison  retired  from  office,  leaving  the 
cour/try  at  peace  with  the  world,  and  rapidly  re- 
covering from  the  injurious  effects  of  the  late  war. 
He  returned  to  his  home  at  Montpelier,  Virginia, 
vhere  he  enjoyed  the  society  of  his  friends  and  the 
general  esteem  of  his  countrymen. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  JAMES  MONROE. 

4th  of  March.  1817  -4th  of  March,  1825. 
The  eighth  presidential  election  took  place  in  the 
(all  of  1816.  Mr.  Madison  having  declined  to  be 
3.  candidate  for  a  third  term,  the  Democratic  party 
nominated  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia,  for  Presi- 
dent ;  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  New  York,  for 
Vice-President,  and  elected  them  by  large  majori- 
ties over  the  Federal  candidates,  who  were :  For 
President^  Rufus  King,  of  New  York ;  for  Vice- 
President,  John  Howard,  of  Maryland.  The  re- 
sult of  the  vote  of  the  Electoral  Colleges  was  183 
for  Mr.  Monroe,  and  34  for  Mr.  King,  for  President ; 
183  for  Mr.  Tompkins,  and  22  for  Mr.  Howard,  for 
Vice-President.    The  vote  by  States  at  this  election 


JAMES    MONROE. 


123 


124    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

stood :  16  for  the  Democratic,  and  3  for  the  Federal 
candidates.  The  16  States  that  voted  for  Mr. 
Monroe  and  Mr.  Tompkins  were :  New  Hamp- 
shire, Rhode  Island,  Vermont,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Ten- 
nessee, Ohio,  Louisiana,  and  Indiana.  The  3  that 
voted  for  Mr.  King  were  :  Massachusetts,  Connec 
ticut,  and  Delaware. 

James  Monroe,  the  fifth  President  of  the  United 
States,  was  inaugurated  on  the  4th  of  March, 
1817,  in  the  fifty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  His  in- 
augural address  gave  general  satisfaction  to  all 
parties.  His  cabinet  were  :  John  Quincy  Adams, 
of  Massachusetts,  Secretary  of  State ;  William  H 
Crawford,  of  Georgia,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury; 
John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  Secretary  of 
War;  William  Wirt, of  Virginia,  Attorney-General; 
Smith  Thompson,  of  New  York,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy.  These  were  all  men  of  distinguished 
ability,  and  thoroughly  identified  with  the  Demo> 
cratic  party  at  the  time. 

In  the  fall  of  1820  Mr.  Monroe  and  Governor 
Tompkins  were  re-elected  President  and  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States.  Mr.  Monroe  re- 
ceived at  the  polls  a  majority  of  the  votes  of  every 
State  in  the  Union,  and  every  electoral  vote  but 
one.  The  electoral  college  of  New  Hampshire 
cast  one  vote  for  John  Quincy  Adams. 

The  4th  of  March  this  year  coming  on  Sunday, 


PACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         125 

Mr.  Monroe  was  inaugurated  for  the  second  term 
on  the  succeeding  day,  Monday,  the  5th  of  that 
month. 

Monroe's  election  had  been  so  nearly  unanimous, 
and  party  divisions  had  nominally  so  far  disap- 
peared, that  his  administration  is  commonly 
called  the  era  of  good  feeling.  In  reality  there  was 
as  much  bad  feeling  between  the  Strict  Construc- 
tionists and  the  Loose  Constructionists  of  his  party 
as  coyld  have  existed  between  two  opposing  parties. 
The  want  of  regularly  organized  parties  had  only 
the  effect  of  making  the  next  Presidential  election 
a  personal  instead  of  a  party  contest,  the  worst 
form  a  political  struggle  can  take. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  JOHN  QUINCY 
ADAMS. 

4th  of  March,  1825— 4th  of  March,  1829, 

In  the  fall  of  1824  the  presidential  election  was 
held  amid  great  political  excitement.  The  "  era 
of  good  feeling "  was  at  an  end,  and  party  spirit 
ran  high.  There  were  four  candidates  in  the  field;. 
Mr.  Monroe  having  declined  a  third  term ;  Andrew 
Jackson,  John  Quincy  Adams,  "William  H.  Craw- 
ford, and  Henry  Clay.  None  of  these  received  a 
popular  majority,  and  the  election  was  thrown  into 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  Congress,  and  re- 
sulted in  the  choice  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  of 
Massachusetts,  as  President  of  the  United  States, 


126    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

The  result  of  the  electoral  vote  was  99  for 
Andrew  Jackson,  84  for  John  Quincy  Adams,  41 
for  William  H.  Crawford,  and  37  for  Henry  Clay, 
for  President ;  and  182  for  John  C.  Calhoun  for 
Vice-President,  with  some  scattering  votes  for 
others.  The  States  that  voted  for  Gen.  Jackson 
were  :  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee,  Louisiana, 
Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  Alabama — eleven 
in  all.  Those  which  voted  for  John  Quincy  Adams 
were :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  and  New 
York — seven  in  all.  Those  that  voted  for  Mr. 
Crawford  were :  Delaware,  Virginia,  and  Georgia. 
While  those  that  voted  for  Mr.  Clay  were :  Ken- 
tucky, Ohio,  and  Missouri. 

Mr.  Calhoun,  having  received  a  large  majority 
of  the  electoral  votes,  was  duly  declared  elected 
Vice-President ;  but  neither  of  the  candidates  for 
President  having  received  a  majority  of  the  votes 
of  the  Electoral  Colleges,  the  choice,  under  the 
Constitution,  devolved  upon  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, voting  by  States.  This  choice  was 
made  on  the  9th  of  February,  1825 ;  when,  upon 
counting  the  ballots,  it  was  found  that  John  Quincy 
Adams  received  the  votes  of  thirteen  States, 
Andrew  Jackson  the  votes  of  seven  States,  and 
Mr.  Crawford  the  votes  of  four  States.  Mr.  Adams 
having  received  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  the 
States  was  declared  elected  to  succeed  Mr.  Monroe 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.   127 


This  election  produced  great  discontent  through- 
out the  country,  and  most  seriously  affected  the 
popularity  of  Mr.  Clay,  as  the  election  of  Mr. 
Adams  was  attributed  mainly  to  his  agency,  which 
had  been  exerted,  as  was  supposed  by  many^ 
with  a  view  to  defeat  the  election  of  Gen.  Jackson, 


JOHN    QUINCY    ADAMS. 

who  by  the  returns  of  the  electoral  vote  seemed  to 
stand  highest  in  the  popular  favor. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1825,  John  Quincy  Adams 
was  inaugurated  President  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  the  son  of  John  Adams,  the  second  Presi- 
dent of  the  republic,  and  was  in  his  fifty-eightb 


128  FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

year.  He  was  a  man  of  great  natural  ability,  of 
strong  personal  character,  and  of  unbending  integ- 
rity. He  had  been  carefully  educated,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  learned  men  in  the  Union.  Apart 
from  his  general  education  he  had  received  a  special 
training  in  statesmanship.  He  had  served  as  min- 
ister to  the  Netherlands,  and  in  the  same  capacity 
at  the  courts  of  Portugal,  Prussia,  Russia,  and 
England,  where  he  had  maintained  a  high  reputa- 
tion. He  had  represented  the  State  of  Massachu- 
setts in  the  Federal  Senate,  and  had  been  secretary 
of  state,  in  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  Monroe,  during  the 
last  administration.  He  was,  therefore,  thoroughly 
qualified  for  the  duties  of  the  high  office  upon 
which  he  now  entered.  He  called  to  his  cabinet 
men  of  marked  ability,  at  the  head  of  which  was 
Henry  Clay,  who  became  secretary  of  state.  The 
administration  of  Mr.  Adams  was  one  of  remaik- 
able  prosperity.  The  country  was  growing 
wealthier  by  the  rapid  increase  of  its  agriculture, 
manufactures,  and  commerce ;  and  abroad  it  com- 
manded the  respect  of  the  world.  Still  party 
spirit  raged  with  great  violence  during  the  whole 
of  this  period. 

During  Mr.  Adams'  administration  the  tariff 
question  again  engaged  the  attention  of  the  country. 
The  manufacturing  interests  were  still  struggling 
against  foreign  competition,  and  it  was  the  opinion 
of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States  that  the  general 
government  should  protect  them  by  the  imposition 


PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    129 

of  high  duties  upon  products  of  foreign  countries 
imported  into  the  Union.  The  South  was  almost 
a  unit  in  its  opposition  to  a  high  tariff.  Being,  as 
we  have  said,  an  agricultural  section,  its  interests 
demanded  a  free  market,  and  it  wished  to  avail 
itself  of  the  privilege  of  purchasing  where  it  could 
buy  cheapest.  The  South  and  the  West  were  the 
markets  of  the  East,  and  the  interests  of  that  sec- 
tion demanded  the  exclusion  of  foreign  competition 
in  supplying  these  markets. 

In  July,  1827,  a  convention  of  manufacturers 
was  held  at  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  and  a  me- 
morial was  adopted  praying  Congress  to  increase 
the  duties  on  foreign  goods  to  an  extent  which 
would  protect  American  industry.  When  Congress 
met  in  December,  1827,  the  protective  policy  was 
the  most  important  topic  of  the  day.  It  was 
warmly  discussed  in  Congress  and  throughout  the 
country.  The  interests  of  New  England  were 
championed  by  the  matchless  eloquence  of  Daniel 
Webster,  who  claimed  that  as  the  adoption  of  the 
protective  policy  by  the  government  had  forced 
New  England  to  turn  her  energies  to  manufac- 
tures, the  government  was  bound  to  protect  hei 
against  competition.  The  Southern  representatives 
argued  that  a  protective  tariff  was  unconstitutional, 
and  was  injurious  in  its  operations  to  the  interests 
of  the  people  of  the  Southern  States,  who,  being 
producers  of  staples  for  export,  ought  to  have 
liberty  to  purchase  such  articles  as  they  needed 
9 


130    FACTS  ABOUT  A^Jj    OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

wherever  they  could  find  them  cheapest.  They 
declared  that  duties  under  the  protective  policy 
were  not  only  bounties  to  manufacturers,  but  a 
heavy  tax  levied  upon  their  constituents  and  a 
great  majority  of  the  consumers  in  all  the  States, 
which  never  went  into  the  public  treasury.  The 
tariff  bill  was  passed  by  the  House  on  the  15th  of 
April,  1828,  and  was  approved  by  the  President  a 
little  later.  It  was  termed  by  its  opponents  the 
"  Bill  of  Abominations." 

In  the  midst  of  this  excitement  the  presidential 
election  occurred.  Mr.  Adams  was  a  candidate 
for  re-election.  The  contest  between  the  two 
parties,  the  Administration  and  Opposition,  over 
the  powers  and  limitations  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, became  almost  as  not  and  fierce  as  it  was  in 
1800,  between  the  Federalists  and  Republicans  of 
that  day.  General  Jackson,  without  any  caucus 
nomination,  was  supported  by  the  Opposition  every- 
where for  President,  and  Mr.  Calhoun  for  Vice- 
President.  The  friends  of  the  Administration  put 
forth  the  utmost  of  their  exertions  for  the  re-elec- 
tion of  Mr.  Adams  to  the  office  of  President,  and 
Richard  Rush  to  the  office  of  Vice-President.  The 
result  of  the  vote  of  the  Electoral  Colleges  was,  178 
for  Jackson,  and  83  for  Adams;  171  for  Mr. 
Calhoun,  and  83  for  Mr.  Rush.  The  vote  for 
President  by  States  stood :  15  for  Jackson  and  9 
for  Adams.  The  15  States  that  voted  for  Jackson 
were :  New  York,  Pei^nsylvania,  Virginia,  North 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDEK^S.        131 

Carolina,  South  Cawlina,  Georgia,  Kentucky^  Ten? 
nessee,  Ohio,  Louisiana,  Indiana,  Mississippi,  lUi 
nois,  Alabama,  and  Missouri ;  the  9  that  voted  foj 
Mr.  Adams  were :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massa 
chusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont^ 
New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Maryland. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  ANDREW  JACKSON, 

March  4th,  1829— March  4th,  1837. 

Andrew  Jackson,  the  seventh  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  inaugurated  at  Washington,  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1829. 

President  Jackson  was  in  many  respects  one  of 
the  most  remarkable  men  of  his  day.  He  pos- 
sessed a  combination  of  qualities  seldom  met  with 
in  any  one  person.  Education  had  done  but  little 
for  him  ;  but  by  nature  he  was  fitted  for  the  gov» 
ernment  of  men  both  in  the  field  and  in  the  Cabi- 
net, During  the-  Administration  of  the  elder 
Adams  he  had  occupied  a  seat  in  the  United  States 
Senate  from  Tennessee,  and  gave  a  most  cordial 
support  to  the  principles  of  Mr.  Jefferson.  Resign- 
ing his  place  in  that  body,  he  was  afterwards 
elected  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
his  State.  His  military  achievements  in  the  wars 
against  the  Creek  and  Seminole  Indians,  and  his 
victory  over  the  British  at  New  Orleans,  have  been 
frlly  recorded. 

The  election  of  General  Jackson  to  the  Presi« 


ANDKEW  JACKSON, 


132 


FAHTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.        133 

dency  was  regarded  with  some  anxiety,  for  though 
his  merits  as  a  soldier  were  conceded,  it  was  feared 
by  many  that  his  known  imperiousness  of  will  and 
his  inflexibility  of  purpose  would  seriously  dis- 
qualify him  for  the  delicate  duties  of  the  Presi- 
dency. Nature  had  made  him  a  ruler,  however, 
and  his  administration  was  marked  by  the  fearless 
energy  that  characterized  every  act  of  his  life,  and 
was  on  the  whole  successful  and  satisfactory  to 
the  great  majority  of  his  countrymen. 

General  Jackson  began  his  administration  by 
appointing  a  new  cabinet,  at  the  head  of  which  he 
placed  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  as  Secre- 
tary of  State.  Until  now  the  postmaster-general 
had  not  been  regarded  as  a  cabinet  officer.^  General 
Jackson  invited  that  officer  to  a  seat  in  his  cabinet 
and  a  share  in  its  deliberations,  and  his  course  has 
been  pursued  by  all  of  his  successors. 

Early  in  1831,  the  question  of  the  Presidential 
succession  was  agitated.  The  Legislature  of  Penn- 
sylvania put  General  Jackson  in  nomination  for 
re-election,  he  having  consented  to  be  a  candidate. 

The  election  took  place  in  the  fall  of  1832, 
General  Jackson  was  supported  for  the  Presidency 
by  the  Democratic  party,  and  Mr.  Clay  by  the 
Whig  party.  The  contest  was  marked  by  intense 
bitterness,  for  Jackson's  veto  of  the  charter  of  the 
Bank  of  the  United  States,  his  other  vetoes  of 
public  improvement  bills,  and  his  attitude  in  the 
**  NuUiUcation "  controversy  between  the  United 


134         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

States  and  South  Carolina,  had  created  a  strong 
opposition  to  him  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  In 
spite  of  this  opposition  he  was  re-elected  by  a  tri' 
umphant  majority,  and  Martin  Van  Buren,  of 
New  York,  the  Democratic  nominee,  was  chosen 
Vice-President. 

The  following  electoral  votes  were  cast  for  the 
respective  candidates  :  for  Jackson,  219  ;  for  Clay, 
49 ;  and  for  Wirt,  the  Anti-Masonic  candidate,  7 
votes.  For  Vice-President,  the  electoral  votes 
stood:  for  Martin  Van  Buren,  189;  for  John 
Sergeant,  49 ;  for  Amos  Ellmaker,  7.  The  vote 
by  States  for  the  candidates  for  the  Presidency 
stood  :  16  for  Jackson ;  6  for  Clay ;  and  1  for 
Wirt.  The  16  States  that  voted  for  Jackson  were; 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  New  York,  New  Jersey 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Georgia, 
Tennessee,  Ohio,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Alabama,  and  Missouri ;  the  6  States  that 
voted  for  Mr.  Clay  were:  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and 
Kentucky ;  the  State  that  voted  for  Mr.  Wirt  was: 
Vermont;  South  Carolina  cast  her  vote  for  John 
Floyd,  of  Virginia,  for  President,  and  Henry  Lee, 
of  Massachusetts,  for  Vice-President. 

President  Jackson  was  inaugurated  for  hi» 
second  term  on  the  4th  of  March,  1833. 

In  the  meantime  serious  trouble  had  arisen  be^ 
tween  the  general  government  and  the  State  of 
South  Carolina.     During  the  year  1832  the  tariff 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS,         135 

was  revised  by  Congress,  and  that  body,  instead  of 
diminishing  the  duties,  increased  many  of  them. 
This  action  gave  great  offence  to  the  Southern 
States,  which  regarded  the  denial  of  free  trade  as 
a  great  wrong  to  them.  They  were  willing  to  sub> 
mit  to  a  tarilF  sufficient  for  a  revenue,  but  were 
utterly  opposed  to  a  protective  tariff  for  the  reasons 
We  have  already  stated. 

The  State  of  South  Carolina  resolved  to  "  nul- 
lify "  the  law  within  its  own  limits.  A  convention 
of  the  people  of  the  State  was  held,  which  adopted 
a  measure  known  as  the  "  Nullification  Ordinance." 
This  ordinance  declared  that  the  tariff  act  of  1832, 
being  based  upon  the  principle  of  protection,  and 
not  upon  the  principle  of  raising  revenue,  was  un* 
constitutional,  and  was  therefore  null  and  void. 
This  ordinance  was  to  take  effect  on  the  12th  of 
February,  1833,  unless  in  the  meantime  the  general 
government  should  abandon  its  policy  of  protection 
and  return  to  a  tariff  for  revenue  only. 

The  country  at  large  was  utterly  opposed  to  the 
course  of  South  Carolina,  and  denied  its  right  to 
nullify  a  law  of  Congress,  or  to  withdraw  from  the 
Union  in  support  of  this  right.  Intense  excitement 
prevailed,  and  the  course  of  the  President  was 
watched  with  the  gravest  anxiety.  He  was 
known  to  be  opposed  to  the  protective  policy ;  but 
it  was  generally  believed  that  he  was  firm  in  his 
intention  to  enforce  the  laws,  however  he  might 
disapprove  of  them. 


136    PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS, 

President  Jackson  took  measures  promptly  to 
enforce  the  law.  He  ordered  a  large  body  of  troops 
to  assemble  at  Charleston,  under  General  Scott, 
and  a  ship  of  war  was  sent  to  that  port  to  assist 
the  federal  officers  in  collecting  the  duties  on  im- 
ports. Civil  war  seemed  for  a  time  inevitable. 
The  President  was  firmly  resolved  to  compel  the 
submission  of  South  Carolina,  and  the  issue  of  such 
a  conflict  could  not  be  doubtful. 

Fortunately  a  peaceful  settlement  of  the  trouble 
was  effected.  Mr.  Verplanck,  of  New  York,  a  sup- 
porter of  the  administration,  introduced  a  bill  into 
Congress  for  a  reduction  of  the  tariff,  and  the  State 
of  Virginia  sent  Benjamin  Watkins  Leigh,  a  dis- 
tinguished citizen,  as  commissioner  to  South  Caro- 
lina, to  urge  her  to  suspend  the  execution  of  her 
ordinance  until  March  4th,  as  there  was  a  proba- 
bility that  a  peaceful  settlement  of  the  difficulty 
would  be  arranged  before  that  time.  South  Caro- 
lina consented  to  be  guided  by  this  appeal. 

Henry  Clay,  with  his  usual  patriotic  self-sacrifice, 
now  ch,me  forward  in  the  Senate  with  a  compromise 
which  he  hoped  would  put  an  end  to  the  trouble. 
He  intl'oduced  a  bill  providing  for  the  gradual  re» 
duction  in  ten  years  of  all  duties  then  above  the 
revenue  standard.  "  One-tenth  of  one-half  of  all  the 
duties  for  protection  above  that  standard  was  to  be 
taken  off  annually  for  ten  years,  at  the  end  of 
which  period  the  whole  of  the  other  half  was  to  be 
taken   off,   and   thereafter  all  duties  were  to  be 


PACTS    ABOtTT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         137 

levied  mainly  with  a  view  to  revenue  and  not  for 
protection.''  This  measure  with  some  modifica- 
tions was  adopted  by  both  Houses  of  Congress, 
and  was  approved  by  the  President  on  the  2d  of 
March,  1833.  The  people  of  South  Carolina 
rescinded  their  "  Nullification  Ordinance,"  and  the 
trouble  was  fortunately  brought  to  an  end. 

The  Administration  of  Gen.  Jackson  was  distin- 
guished for  many  acts  of  foreign  as  well  as  domes- 
tic policy  which  cannot  be  embraced  in  this  brief 
sketch.  Taken  all  together,  it  made  a  deep  and 
lasting  impression -upon  the  policy  and  history  of 
the  States.  On  his  retirement,  following  the  ex- 
ample of  Washington,  he  issued  a  Farewell  Address^ 
in  which  he  evinced  the  most  ardent  patriotism  and 
the  most  earnest  devotion  to  the  cause  of  constitu- 
tional liberty. 

The  presidential  election  was  held  in  the  fall  of 
1836.  General  Jackson  having  declined  to  be  a 
candidate  for  a  third  term,  the  Democratic  party 
supported  Martin  Van  Buren  for  President,  and 
Richard  M.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. Mr:  Van  Buren  was  elected ;  but  the 
electors  having  failed  to  make  a  choice  of  a  candi* 
date  for  Vice-President,  that  task  devolved  upon 
the  Senate,  which  elected  Colonel  Richard  M 
Johnson  by  a  majority  of  seventeen  votes. 

The  electoral  votes  cast  for  the  several  can- 
didates for  President  were  as  follows:  170  for 
Martin  Van  Buren,  14  for  Daniel  Webster,  73  for 


138   FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

William  Henry  Harrison,  11  for  W.  P.  Man^^iH, 
of  N.  C,  and  26  for  H.  L.  White,  of  Tennessee. 
Mr.  Van  Buren,  having  received  a  majority,  was 
duly  declared  President  for  the  next  term.  The 
vote  by  States  in  this  election  was:  15  for  Mr. 
Van  Buren,  7  for  General  Harrison,  2  for  Mr. 
White,  and  1  for  Mr.  Webster.  The  15  States 
that  voted  for  Mr.  Van  Buren  were :  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Louisiana, 
Mississippi,  Illinois,  Alabama,  Missouri,  Arkansas, 
and  Michigan ;  the  7  that  voted  for  General  Har* 
risoa  were :  Vermont,  New  Jersey,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Kentucky,  Ohio,  and  Indiana;  the  2 
that  voted  for  Mr.  White  were  ;  Georgia  and  Ten- 
nessee; the  one  St^te  that  voted  for  Mr.  Webi.er 
was  Massachusettai 

The  votea  of  the  Electoral  Colleges  for  Vice 
President  were :  147  for  Richard  M.  Johnson,  ol 
Kentucky ;  77  for  Francis  Granger,  of  New  York', 
47  for  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia;  and  23  for  WiU 
Ham  Smith,  of  Alabama.  Neither  of  the  candi- 
dates for  Vice-President  having  received  a  majority 
of  the  votes,  the  choice  of  that  officer  devolved  upon 
the  Senate,  and  that  body  elected  Col.  Johnson  by 
a  vote  of  33,  against  16  for  Mr.  Granger. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  VAN  BUREN. 
4th  of  March,  1837— 4th  of  March,  1841. 
Martin  Van  Buren,  the  eighth  President  of  the 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    139 

(Jnited  States,  was  inaugurated  on  the  4tli  of 
March,  1837,  in  the  55th  year  of  his  age.  "At  high 
noon  the  President  elect  took  his  seat,  with  his 
venerable  predecessor.  General  Jackson,  in  a  car- 
riage, made  from  the  wood  of  the  frigate  Gon^ 
stltution,  presented  to  General  Jackson  by  the 
Democracy  of  the  city  of  New  York.  In  this  from 
the  White  House  they  proceeded  to  the  Capitol. 
After  reaching  the  Senate  Chamber  Mr.  Van  Buren, 
attended  by  the  ex-President,  and  the  members  of 
the  Senate,  led  the  way  to  the  rostrum,  where  the 
Inaugural  Address  was  delivered  in  clear  and  im- 
pressive tones.  At  the  close  of  the  Address  the 
oath  of  office  was  administered  by  Chief-Justice 
Taney." 

In  the  Address  Mr.  Van  Buren  indicated  his 
purpose,  on  all  matters  of  public  policy,  to  follow 
in  the  "  footsteps  of  his  illustrious  predecessor." 

A  distinguished  writer,  in  speaking  of  Mr.  Van 
Buren's  Administration,  as  a  whole,  says : 

"  The  great  event  of  General  Jackson's  Admin- 
istration was  the  contest  with  the  Bank  of  the 
United  States,  and  its  destruction  as  a  Federal 
institution — that  of  Madison's  was  the  war— while 
Jefferson's  was  a  general  revolution  of  the  anti- 
Democratic  spirit  and  policy  of  the  preceding 
Administration.  The  great  event  of  Mr.  Van 
Buren's  Administration,  by  which  it  will  hereafter 
be  known  and  designated,  is,  the  divorce  of  Bank 
and  State  in  the  fiscal  affairs  of  the  Federal  Gov- 


MAETIN  VAN  BUREN. 


UO 


PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PBESIDENTS.   141 

ernmentj  and  the  return,  after  half  a  century  of 
deviation,  to  the  original  design  of  the  Constitu- 
tion." 

In  the  fall  of  1840  another  Presidential  election 
was  held.  Mr.  Van  Buren  and  Vice-President 
Johnson  were  nominated  for  re-election  by  the 
Democratic  party,  and  the  Whigs  supported  Gen- 
eral William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio,  for  Presi- 
dent, and  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. The  financial  distress  of  the  country  which 
had  been  very  great  since  1837,  was  generally 
attributed  by  the  people  to  the  interference  of  the 
government  with  the  currency.  This  feeling  made 
the  Democratic  nominees  exceedingly  unpopular^ 
and  the  political  campaign  was  one  of  the  most 
exciting  ever  conducted  in  this  country. 

The  principal  issues  in  this  contest  were  the 
sub-treasury  system,  extravagant  appropriations, 
defalcations,  and  profligacy  of  numerous  subordi- 
nate officers.  The  '^gold  spoons"  furnished  the 
Executive  Mansion  figured  prominently  in  the 
canvass.  All  the  opposing  elements  united  under 
the  Whig  banner.  This  party  held  a  general  con- 
vention at  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  on  the  4th 
of  December,  1839,  for  the  purpose  of  nominating 
candidates  for  President  and  Vice-President.  It 
was  generally  supposed  that  Mr.  Clay  would  re- 
ceive the  nomination  of  this  body  for  President. 
But  his  course  on  the  Tariff  Compromise  of  1833 
had  greatly  weakened  him  with  the  Protectionist* 


142    PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

When  he  adopted  that  course  he  was  told  it  would 
lose  him  the  Presidency.  His  reply  at  the  time 
was,  "  I  would  rather  be  right  than  be  President/' 
The  Democratic  party  held  their  general  conven- 
tion in  Baltimore  on  the  5th  of  May,  1840.  Log- 
cabins  and  hard  cider,  which  were  supposed  to  be 
typical  of  Harrison's  frontier  life,  became  very 
popular  with  the  Whigs.  The  result  of  the  elec- 
tion, after  a  heated  canvass,  was  234  electoral 
votes  for  Harrison  for  President,  and  234  for  John 
Tyler  for  Yice-President.  Mr.  Van  Buren  re- 
ceived 60  electoral  votes  for  President;  Richard 
M.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky,  received  48  for  Yice- 
President;  Littleton  W.  Tazewell,  of  Virginia,  11, 
and  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  1.  The  vote 
for  President  by  States  stood  19  for  General  Har- 
rison and  7  for  Mr.  Van  Buren.  The  seven  States 
that  voted  for  Mr.  Van  Buren  were :  New  Hamp- 
shire, Virginia,  South  Carolina,  Illinois,  Alabama, 
Missouri,  and  Arkansas. 

ADMINISTRATIONS   OF    HARRISON    AND 
TYLER. 

4th  of  March,  1841— 4th  of  March,  1845. 

William  Henry  Harrison,  the  ninth  President 
of  the  United  States,  was  inaugurated  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1841,  in  the  sixty-ninth  year  of  his  age. 
The  city  of  Washington  was  thronged  with  people, 
many  of  whom  were  from  the  most  distant  States 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 


143 


of  the  Union.  A  procession  was  formed  from  his 
hotel  quarters  to  the  capitol.  The  President-elect 
was  mounted  upon  a  white  charger,  accompanied 
by  several  personal  friends,  but  his  immediate  escort 
were  the  officers  and  soldiers  who  had  fought  under 
him.     The  inaugural  address  wsls  delivered  on  a 


WILLIAM    HENRY    HARRISON. 


platform  erected  over  the  front  steps  of  the  portico 
of  the  east  front  of  the  capitol.  The  oath  of  office 
was  administered  by  Chief-Justice  Taney,  before 
an  audience  estimated  at  60,000  people. 

He  was  a  man  of  pure  life  and  earnest  character, 
and  the  certainty  of  a  change  of  policy  in  the 
measures  of  the  federal  government  had   caused 


144   FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

the  people  of  the  country  to  look  forward  to  his 
administration  with  hope  and  confidence.  He 
began  by  calling  to  seats  in  his  cabinet  men  of 
prominence  and  ability.  At  the  head  of  the  cab- 
inet he  placed  Daniel  Webster  as  Secretary  of 
State.  The  President  was  not  destined  to  fulfil 
the  hopes  of  his  friends.  He  was  suddenly  at- 
tacked with  pneumonia,  and  died  on  the  4th  of 
April — -just  one  month  after  his  inauguration. 

It  was  the  first  time  that  a  President  of  the 
United  States  had  died  in  office,  and  a  gloom  was 
cast  over  the  nation  by  the  sad  event.  The  mourn- 
ing of  the  people  was  sincere,  for  in  General  Har- 
rison the  nation  lost  a  faithful,  upright,  and  able 
leader.  He  had  spent  forty  years  in  prominent 
public  positions,  and  had  discharged  every  duty 
confided  to  him  with  ability  and  integrity,  and 
went  to  his  grave  a  poor  man. 

The  office  of  President  now,  for  the  first  time,  de- 
volved upon  the  Vice-President,  John  Tyler,  who, 
by  the  death  of  General  Harrison,  became  the  tenth 
President  of  the  United  States.  He  was  not  in  the 
City  of  Washington  at  the  time  of  the  death  of  his 
predecessor,  but  repaired  to  that  city  without  loss 
of  time,  upon  being  notified  of  the  death  of  General 
Harrison,  and  on  the  6th  of  April  took  the  oath  of 
office  before  Judge  Cranch,  Chief-Justice  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  Mr.  Tyler  was  in  his  fifty-second 
year,  and  had  served  as  governor  of  Virginia,  and 
as  representative  and  senator   in    Congress  from 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    145 

that  State.  On  the  9th  of  April  President  Tyler 
issued  an  address  to  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
in  which  there  was  no  indication  of  a  departure 
from  the  policy  announced  in  the  inaugural  of  Gen- 
eral Harrison.  He  retained  the  cabinet  ministers  of 
his  predecessors  in  their  respective  positions. 

The   last   years   of  Mr.    Tyler's  administration 
were  devoted  to  the  effort  to  secure  the  annexation 


JOHN  TYLER. 


of  the  republic  of  Texas  to  the  United  States.  The 
territory  embraced  within  the  limits  of  Texas  con- 
stituted a  part  of  the  Spanish-American  possessions, 
and  was  generally  regarded  as  a  part  of  Mexico. 

In  April,  1844,  Texas  formally  applied  for  ad- 
mission into  the  United  States,  and  a  treaty  for 
that  purpose  was  negotiated  with  her  by  the  gov- 

10 


146         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

ernment  of  this  country.  It  was  rejected  by  the 
Senate. 

In  the  fall  of  1844  the  presidential  election  took 
place.  The  leading  political  question  of  the  day 
was  the  annexation  of  Texas.  It  was  advocated 
by  the  administration  of  President  Tyler  and  by 
the  Democratic  party.  This  party  also  made  the 
claim  of  the  United  States  to  Oregon  one  of  the 
leading  issues  of  the  campaign.  Its  candidates 
were  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  and  George  M. 
Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania.  The  Whig  party  sup- 
ported Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  and  Theodore 
Frelinghuysen,  of  New  Jersey,  and  opposed  the 
annexation  of  Texas. 

During  this  campaign,  which  was  one  of  unusual 
excitement,  the  Anti-slavery  party  made  its  appear- 
ance for  the  first  time  as  a  distinct  political  organ- 
ization, and  nominated  James  G.  Birney  as  its 
candidate  for  the  Presidency. 

The  result  of  the  campaign  was  a  decisive  vic- 
tory for  the  Democrats.  This  success  was  gen- 
erally regarded  as  an  emphatic  expression  of  the  pop- 
ular will  respecting  the  Texas  and  Oregon  questions. 

The  result  of  the  election  by  the  colleges  was : 
170  electoral  votes  for  James  K.  Polk,  for  Presi- 
dent, and  170  for  George  M.  Dallas,  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent; 105  for  Henry  Clay,  for  President,  and  105 
for  Theodore  Frelinghuysen,  for  Vice-President, 
By  States  the  vote  stood :  15  for  the  Democratic 
ticket,  and  11  for   the  Whig  ticket.     Mr.  Birney 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    147 

received  no  electoral  vote;  but  local  returns 
showed  that,  out  of  the  popular  vote  of  upward* 
of  two  and  a  half  millions,  there  were,  polled  for 
him  only  64,653.  The  fifteen  States  that  voted 
for  Mr.  Polk  were :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Alabama,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  and  Michigan ;  the 
eleven  that  voted  for  Mr.  Clay  were :  Massachu- 
setts, Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  North  Carolina,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Ohio. 

After  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  Mr. 
Tyler  retired  from  the  seat  of  Government  to  his 
residence  in  Virginia.  His  administration  was  a 
stormy  one,  but  signalized  by  many  important 
events.  It  was  during  this  period  that  the  electro- 
telegraphic  system  was  established  by  Morse.  A 
room  was  furnished  him  at  the  Capitol  for  his  ex- 
perimental operations  in  extending  his  wires  to 
Baltimore ;  and  among  the  first  messages  ever 
transmitted  over  them  was  the  announcement  of 
the  nomination  of  Mr.  Polk  for  the  Presidency. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  JAMES  K.  POLK. 

4th  of  March,  1845— 4th  of  March,  1849. 

James  K.  Polk,  the  eleventh  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  inaugurated  on  the  ith  of 
March,  1845,  in  the  50th  year  of  his  age.  The 
o^th  of  office  was  administered  by  Chief-Justice 


148 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 


Taney,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  assemblage  of 
citizens.  In  his  inaugural,  the  new  President 
spoke  favorably  of  the  late  action  of  Congress  in 
relation  to  Texas,  and  asserted  that  the  title  of  the 
United  States  to  the  whole  of  Oregon  was  clear 
and  indisputable,  and  intimated  his  intention  to 
maintain  it  by  force  if  necessary. 


JAMES  K.  POLK. 


The  new  cabinet  consisted  of  James  Buchanan, 
of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  State ;  Robert  J. 
Walker,  of  Mississippi,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ; 
William  L.  Marcy,  of  New  York,  Secretary  of 
War;  George  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts,  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy;  Cave  Johnson,  of  Tennessee, 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS.  149 

Postmaster-General ;  and  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Vir- 
ginia, Attorney-GeneraL 

President  Polk  had  served  the  country  as  gov- 
ernor of  the  State  of  Tennessee,  and  for  fourteen 
years  had  been  a  member  of  Congress  from  that 
State,  and  had  been  chosen  speaker  of  that  body. 
Two  important  questions  presented  themselves  to 
the  new  administration  for  settlement :  the  troubles 
with  Mexico  growing  out  of  the  annexation  of 
Texas,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  northwestern 
boundary  of  the  United  States. 

During  the  Presidential  campaign  of  1844  the 
Democratic  party  adopted  as  its  watchword,  "  all 
of  Oregon  or  none,"  and  the  excitement  upon  the 
question  ran  high.  The  election  of  Mr.  Polk 
showed  that  the  American  people  were  resolved  to 
insist  upon  their  claim  to  Oregon,  and  when  the 
new  President  in  his  inaugural  address  took  the 
bold  ground  that  the  American  title  to  "  Oregon 
territory "  ^'  was  clear  and  indisputable,"  and  de- 
clared his  intention  to  maintain  it  at  the  cost  of 
War  with  England,  the  matter  assumed  a  serious 
aspect,  and  for  a  while  it  seemed  that  party  pas- 
sion would  involve  the  two  countries  in  hostilities. 
President  Polk,  upon  a  calmer  consideration  of  the 
subject,  caused  the  secretary  of  state  to  reopen  the 
negotiations  by  proposing  to  Great  Britain  the 
forty-ninth  parallel  of  latitude  as  a  boundary,  and 
^hat  was  finally  agreed  upon. 

During  the  fall  of   1848   another  Presidentiftl 


150         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 

election  came  off.  The  combined  elements  ot 
opposition  to  the  administration,  in  the  main, 
continued  to  bear  the  name  of  Whigs,  though  the 
anti-slavery  element  now  formed  a  distinct  organi- 
zation known  as  "  Free-Soilers."  The  Democratic 
party  held  their  General  Convention  at  Baltimore, 
on  the  22d  of  May,  and  put  in  nomination  for  the 
Presidency  General  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  and 
for  the  Vice-Presidency  General  William  0.  Butler, 
of  Kentucky.  The  Whigs  held  their  Convention 
at  Philadelphia  on  the  1st  of  June,  and  put  in 
nomination  for  the  Presidency  General  Zachary 
Taylor,  of  Louisiana,  and  for  the  Vice-Presidency 
Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York.  The  Free-Soileif 
held  their  Convention  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  on  tin 
8th  of  August,  and  put  in  nomination  for  the 
Presidency  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  and 
for  the  Vice-Presidency  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
of  Massachusetts. 

The  result  of  the  election  was  163  electoral 
votes  for  the  Whig  ticket  and  127  for  the  Demo- 
cratic. The  Free^-Soil  ticket  received  no  electoral 
vote ;  but  local  returns  showed  that  out  of  a  popu- 
lar vote  of  nearly  3,000,000,  there  were  polled  for 
it  nearly  300,000  votes.  The  vote  for  Taylor  and 
Fillmore  by  States  stood  15;  and  for  Cass  and 
Butler  15  also.  The  15  States  that  voted  for 
Taylor  and  Fillmore  were  Massachusetts,  Rhode 
Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  North 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         151 

Carolina,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Louisiana, 
and  Florida ;  the  16  that  voted  for  Cass  and  Butler 
were  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  South 
Carolina,  Ohio,  Mississippi,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Ala- 
bama, Missouri,  Arkansas,  Michigan,  Texas,  Iowa, 
and  Wisconsin.  Taylor  and  Fillmore,  having 
received  a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes,  were 
declared  elected  to  the  offices  of  President  and 
Vice-President. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1849,  Mr.  Polk  retired  to 
his  home  in  Tennessee.  His  administration  had 
/^en  a  stormy  one.  It  will,  however,  always  be 
distinguished  .  in  history  by  ita  eminently  wise 
financial  and  revenue  policy,  the  settlement  of  the 
Oregon  question  with  England,  and  the  immense 
acquisition  of  territory  from  Mexico.  During  its 
period  also,  great  lustre  was  added  to  the  military 
renown  of  the  United  States. 

ADMINISTRATIONS  OF 
TAYLOR   AND     FILLMORE. 

4th  of  March,  1849— 4th  of  March,  1853 
The  4th  of  March,  1849,  coming  on  Sunday 
General  Taylor  was  duly  inaugurated  as  the 
twelfth  President  of  the  United  States  on  the  next 
day,  Monday,  the  5th  of  that  month,  in  the  65th 
yesLY  of  his  age.  The  oath  of  office  was  adminis- 
tered by  Chief-Justice  Taney,  in  the  presence  of  an 
in^mense  concourse  of  people. 

The  new  President  was  a  native  of  Virginia, 


ZACHAKY  TAYLOR. 


X52 


PACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         153 

but  had  removed  with  his  parents  to  Kentucky  at 
an  early  age,  and  had  grown  up  to  manhood  on  the 
frontiers  of  that  State.  In  1808,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four,  he  was  commissioned  a  lieutenant  in 
the  army  by  President  Jefferson,  and  had  spent 
forty  years  in  the  military  service  of  the  country. 
His  exploits  in  the  Florida  war  and  brilliant  vic- 
tories in  Mexico  had  made  him  the  most  popular 
man  in  the  United  States,  and  had  won  him  the 
high  office  of  the  Presidency  at  the  hands  of  his 
grateful  fellow-citizens.  He  was  without  political 
experience,  but  he  was  a  man  of  pure  and  stain- 
less integrity,  of  great  firmness,  a  sincere  patriot, 
and  possessed  of  strong  good  sense.  He  had  re- 
ceived a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes  of  both  the 
Northern  and  Southern  States,  and  was  free  from 
party  or  sectional  ties  of  any  kind.  His  inaugural 
address  was  brief,  and  was  confined  to  a  statement 
of  general  principles.  His  cabinet  was  composed 
of  the  leaders  of  the  Whig  party,  with  John  M. 
Clayton,  of  Delaware,  as  Secretary  of  State.  The 
last  Congress  had  created  a  new  executive  depart- 
ment— that  of  the  interior— to  relieve  the  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  of  a  part  of  his  duties,  and 
President  Taylor  was  called  upon  to  appoint  the 
first  secretary  of  the  interior,  which  he  did  in  the 
person  of  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio.  The  new  de- 
partment was  charged  with  the  management  of  the 
public  lands,  the  Indian  tribes,,  and  the  issuing  of 
patents  to  inventors. 


154    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

Since  the  announcement  of  the  Wilmot  Proviso^ 
the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  had  been  in- 
cessant, and  had  increased  instead  of  diminishing 
with  each  succeeding  year.  It  was  one  of  the  chief 
topics  of  discussion  in  the  newspaper  press  of  the 
country,  and  entered  largely  into  every  political 
controversy,  however  local  or  insignificant  in  its 
nature.  The  opponents  of  slavery  regarded  the 
annexation  of  Texas  and  the  Mexican  war  as 
efforts  to  extend  that  institution,  and  were  resolved 
to  put  an  end  to  its  existence  at  any  cost.  The 
advocates  of  slavery  claimed  that  the  Southern 
States  had  an  equal  right  to  the  common  property 
of  the  States,  and  were  entitled  to  protection  for 
their  slaves  in  any  of  the  Territories  then  owned 
by  the  States  or  that  might  afterwards  be  acquired 
by  them.  The  Missouri  Compromise  forbade  the 
existence  of  slavery  north  of  the  line  of  36°  30' 
north  latitude,  and  left  the  inhabitants  south  of 
that  line  free  to  decide  upon  their  own  institutions. 
The  Anti-slavery  party  was  resolved  that  slavery 
should  be  excluded  from  the  territory  acquired 
from  Mexico,  and  in  the  Wilmot  Proviso  struck 
their  first  blow  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  pur- 
pose. 

Upon  the  organization  of  the  House  President 
Taylor  sent  in  his  first  and  only  message.  He  re- 
cognized the  danger  with  which  the  sectional  con- 
troversy threatened  the  country,  expressed  his 
views  of  the  situation  in  moderate  terms,  and  inti- 


B«5i.ARD  FILLMORE. 


155 


156        FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS. 

mated  that  he  should  faithfully  discharge  his 
duties  to  the  whole  country. 

About  the  last  of  June,  1850,  President  Taylor 
was  stricken  down  with  a  fever,  which  soon  ter- 
minated fatally.  He  died  on  the  9th  of  July  amid 
the  grief  of  the  whole  country,  which  felt  that  it 
had  lost  a  faithful  and  upright  chief  magistrate. 
Though  the  successful  candidate  of  one  political 
party,  his  administration  had  received  the  earnest 
support  of  the  best  men  of  the  country  without 
regard  to  party,  and  his  death  was  a  national 
calamity.  He  had  held  office  only  sixteen  months, 
but  had  shown  himself  equal  to  his  difficult  and 
delicate  position. 

By  the  terms  of  the  Constitution  the  office  of 
President  devolved  upon  Millard  Fillmore,  Vice- 
President  of  the  United  States.  On  the  10th  of 
July  he  took  the  oath  of  office,  and  at  once  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  his  new  position. 

Mr.  Fillmore  was  a  native  of  New  York,  an^ 
was  born  in  that  State  in  the  year  1800.  He  had 
served  his  State  in  Congress,  and  as  governor,  and 
was  personally  one  of  the  most  popular  of  the 
Presidents.  The  cabinet  of  General  Taylor  re* 
signed  their  offices  immediately  after  bis  death» 
and  the  new  President  filled  their  places  by  ap- 
pointing a  new  cabinet  with  Daniel  Webster  at  ita 
head  as  Secretary  of  State. 

On  the  4 til  of  July,  1851,  the  corner-stone  of 
the  two  new  wings  of  the  capitol  was  laid.     Mr. 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRES1di:.NTS.   157 

Webster  delivered  a  speech  on  the  occasion  which 
was  considered  one  of  the  greatest  of  his  life.  It 
was  delivered  to  an  immense  audience,  on  a  plat- 
form erected  on  the  east  side  of  the  capitol.  In  it, 
among  other  things,  he  said : 

"  If  it  shall  hereafter  be  the  will  of  God  \hat 
this  structure  shall  fall  from  its  base — that  its 
foundations  shall  be  upturned,  and  the  deposit  be= 
neath  this  stone  be  brought  to  the  eyes  of  men — 
be  it  then  known  that  on  this  day  the  Union  of  tL^ 
United  States  of  America  stands  firm,  that  this 
Constitution  still  exists  unimpaired,  and,  with  all 
ita  usefulness  and  glory,  is  growing  every  day 
stronger  in  the  affections  of  the  great  body  of  the 
American  people,  and  attracting  more  and  more 
the  admiration  of  the  world." 

During   the   fall  of  this  year    (1852)   anothef 
Presidential  election  took  place. 

The  Democratic  party  nominated  Franklin 
Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire,  for  President,  and  Wil- 
liam R.  King,  of  Alabama,  for  Vice-President. 
The  Whig  party  nominated  General  Winfield  Scott 
for  President,  and  Williain  A.  Graham,  of  North 
Carolina,  for  Vice-President.  The  Anti-slavery 
party  put  in  nomination  John  P.  Hale,  of  New 
Hampshire,  and  George  W.  Julian,  of  Indiana. 
The  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the  candi- 
dates of  the  Democratic  party  by  an  overwhelming 
majority. 

Mr.  King,  the  Vice-President  elect,  did  not  long 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

survive  his  triumph.  His  health  had  beeh  deli- 
Date  for  many  years,  and  he  was  obliged  to  pass  the 
winter  succeeding  the  election  in  Cuba.  Being 
unable  to  return  home,  he  took  the  oath  of  office 
before  the  American  consul,  at  Havana,  on  the  4th 
of  March.  He  then  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  died  at  his  home  in  Alabama  on  the  18th  of 
April,  1853. 

The  result  of  the  election  was :  251  electoral 
votes  for  Pierce  and  King ;  and  42  for  Scott  and 
Graham ;  by  States,  27  for  Pierce  and  King,  and 
1  for  Scott  and  Graham.  The  States  which  voted 
for  General  Scott  were :  Massachusetts,  Vermont, 
Kentucky,  and  Tennessee.  The  anti-slavery  ticket 
received  no  electoral  vote,  but  out  of  the  popular 
vote  of  nearly  3,500,000,  it  polled  155,825  indi- 
vidual votes,  being  little  over  half  of  what  it  polled 
at  the  previous  election. 

In  October,  1852,  the  whole  country  was  again 
thrown  into  mourning  by  the  announcement  of  the 
death  of  Mr.  Webster,  the  last  survivor  of  the  great 
senatorial  "trio,"  Clay,  Calhoun  and  Webster. 

They  were  regarded  as  the  ffiree  greatest  states- 
men of  the  country  in  their  day.  They  were  all 
men  of  very  great  ability,  of  very  different  charac- 
ters of  mind,  as  well  as  styles,  of  oratory.  They 
differed  also  widely  on  many  questions  of  public 
policy.  But  they  were  all  true  patriots  in  the 
highest  sense  of  that  term. 


fACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         159 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  PIERCE.  . 

4th  of  March,  1853— 4th  of  March,  1857. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1853,  Franklin  Pierce,  oi 
New  Hampshire,  the  fourteenth  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  duly  inaugurated  in  thei  49th 


FKANKLIN   PIERCE. 

year  of  his  age.     The  oath  of  office  was  adminis. 
tered  by  Chief-Justice  Taney. 

General  Pierce  was  an  accomplished  orator,  and 
his  inaugural  address  was  delivered  in  his  happiest 
style,  in  a  tone  of  voice  that  was  distinctly  heard 
at  a  great  distance.  It  was  responded  to  by  shout* 
from  the  surrounding  multitudes. 


160    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

The  most  important  measure  of  Mr.  Pierce's  ad« 
ministration  was  the  bill  to  organize  the  Territories 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  The  region  embraced 
in  these  Territories  formed  a  part  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase,  and  extended  from  the  borders  of  Mis- 
souri, Iowa,  and  Minnesota  to  the  summit  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,  and  from  the  parallel  of  36°  SO 
north  latitude  to  the  border  of  British  America. 
This  whole  region  by  the  terms  of  the  Missouri 
Compromise  had  been  secured  to  free  labor  by  the 
exclusion  of  slavery. 

The  people  engaged  warmly  in  the  discussion 
aroused  by  the  reopening  of  the  question  of  slavery 
in  the  Territories.  The  North  resented  the  repeal  of 
the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  in  the  South  a  large 
and  respectable  party  sincerely  regretted  the  repeal 
of  that  settlement.  By  the  passage  of  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  bill  the  Thirty-third  Congress  assumed 
a  grave  responsibility,  and  opened  the  door  to  a 
bloody  and  bitter  conflict  in  the  Territories  between 
slavery  and  free  labor.  The  troubles  in  Kansas 
which  followed  gave  rise  to  a  new  party  which 
called  itself  Republican,  and  which  was  based 
upon  an  avowed  hostility  to  the  extension  of 
riavery.  A  third  party,  called  the  American,  or 
Know  Nothing,  also  took  part  in  the  Presidential 
campaign  of  1856,  and  was  based  upon  the  doctrine 
that  the  political  offices  of  the  country  should  be 
held  only  by  persons  of  American  birth.  The 
Democratic  party  nominated  James  Buchanan,  of 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS    161 

Pennsylvania,  for  the  Presidency,  and  John  C. 
Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,  for  the  Vice-Presidency . 
The  Republican  nominee  for  the  Presidency  was 
John  C.  Fremont,  of  California;  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency  William  L.  Dayton,  of  New  Jersey. 
The  American  or  Know  Nothing  party  supported 
Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York,  for  the  Presidency, 
and  Andrew  J.  Donelson,  of  Tennessee,  for  the 
Vice-Presidency.  The  Whig  party  had  been 
broken  to  pieces  by  its  defeat  in  1852,  and  had 
now  entirely  disappeared. 

The  canvass  was  unusually  excited.  Slavery 
was  the  principal  question  in  dispute.  Party  ties 
had  little  influence  upon  men.  The  sentiment  of 
the  nation  at  large  had  been  outraged  by  the  re- 
peal of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  thousands 
of  Democrats,  desiring  to  rebuke  their  party  for  its 
course  in  bringing  about  this  repeal,  united  with^ 
the  Republican  party,  which  declared  as  its  lead- 
ing principle  that-  it  was  "  both  the  right  and  the 
duty  of  Congress  to  prohibit  in  the  Territories 
those  twin  relics  of  barbarism — polygamy  and 
slavery." 

The  elections  resulted  in  the  triumph  of  James 
Buchanan,  the  candidate  of  the  Democratic  party. 
Mr.  Buchanan  received  174  electoral  votes ;  Gen- 
eral Fremont  114,  and  Fillmore  8.  The  vote  by 
States  was:  19  for  the  Democratic  ticket;  11  for 
the  Republican,  and  1   for  the  American.     The 

aineteen  States  that  voted  for  Mr.  Buchanan  were: 
11 


162    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Virginia, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Alabama,  Missouri,  Arkansas,  Florida, 
Texas,  and  California.  The  eleven  that  voted  for 
Fremont  were :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, Ehode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont, 
New  York,  Ohio,  Michigan^  Iowa,  and  Wisconsin. 
The  one  that  voted  for  Fillmore  was  Maryland. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  JAMES  BUCHANAN. 

March  4th,  1857--March  4th,  1861. 

James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  the  fifteenth 
President  of  the  United  States,  was  inaugurated 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1857,  in  the  66th  year  of 
his  age,  and  was  a  statesman  of  ripe  experience. 
The  oath  of  office  was  administered  by  Chief- 
Justice  Taney.  His  inaugural  was  conciliatory, 
and  approbatory  of  the  principles  of  the  Kansas 
and  Nebraska  bill  upon  which  he  had  been  elected. 
He  was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1791,  and  was 
by  profession  a  lawyer.  He  had  served  his  State 
in  Congress  as  a  representative  and  a  senator,  had 
been  minister  to  Russia  under  President  Jackson, 
and  had  been  a  member  of  the  Cabinet  of  Presi- 
dent Polk,  as  Secretary  of  State.  During  the  four 
years  previous  to  his  election  to  the  Presidency, 
he  had  resided  abroad  as  the  Mini  iter  of  the 
United  States  to  Great  Britain,  and  in  that  capac^ 


JAMES  BUCHANAN. 


163 


164  FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

ity  had  greatly  added  to  his  reputation  as  a  states- 
man. The  intense  sectional  feeling  which  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  slavery  question  had  aroused  had 
alarmed  patriotic  men  in  all  parts  of  the  Union, 
and  it  was  earnestly  hoped  that  Mr.  Buchanan's 
administration  would  be  able  to  effect  a  peaceful 
settlement  of  the  quarrel.  Mr.  Buchanan  selected 
his  Cabinet  from  the  leading  men  of  the  Democratic 
party.  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  was  appointed 
Secretary  of  State ;  Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury;  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Vir- 
ginia, Secretary  of  War ;  Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connec- 
ticut, Secretary  of  the  Navy ;  Jacob  Thompson,  of 
Mississippi,  Secretary  of  Interior ;  Aaron  V.  Brown, 
of  Tennessee,  Postmaster-General,  and  Jeremiah  S. 
Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  Attorney-General.  The 
two  leading  subjects  which  immediately  engaged 
the  attention  of  the  new  administration  were 
the  state  of  affairs  in  Utah  on  the  one  hand,  and 
Kansas  on  the  other. 

On  the  night  of  the  16th  of  October,  1859,  John 
Brown,  who  had  acquired  a  considerable  notoriety 
as  the  leader  of  a  Free  Soil  company  during  the 
war  in  Kansas,  entered  the  State  of  Virginia,  at 
Harper's  Ferry,  with  a  party  of  twenty-one  men, 
and  seized  the  United  States  arsenal  at  that  place. 
He  then  sent  out  parties  to  induce  the  negro  slaves 
to  join  him,  his  avowed  object  being  to  put  an  end 
to  slavery  in  Virginia  by  exciting  an  insurrection 
»f  the  slaves.     Several  citizens  were  kidnapped  by 


FACTS     ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.  165 

these  parties,  but  the  slaves  refused  to  join  Brown, 
or  to  take  any  part  in  the  insurrection. 

The  effect  of  Brown's  attempt  upon  the  South- 
ern people  was  most  unfortunate.  They  regarded 
it  as  unanswerable  evidence  of  the  intention  of  the 
people  of  the  North  to  make  war  upon  them  under 
the  cover  of  the  Union.  The  John  Brown  raid 
was  the  most  powerful  argument  that  had  ever 
been  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  disunionists,  and 
in  the  alarm  and  excitement  produced  by  that 
event,  the  Southern  people  lost  sight  of  the  fact 
that  the  great  mass  of  the  Northern  people  sin- 
cerely deplored  and  condemned  the  action  of 
Brown  and  his  supporters. 

While  the  excitement  was  at  its  height  the 
Presidential  campaign  opened  in  the  spring  of 
1860.  The  slavery  question  was  the  chief  issue 
in  this  struggle.  The  Convention  of  the  Democra- 
tic party  met  at.  Charleston,  in  April,  but  being 
unable  to  effect  an  organization,  adjourned  to  Bal- 
timore, and  reassembled  in  that  city  in  June.  The 
extreme  Southern  delegates  were  resolved  that  the 
convention  should  be  committed  to  the  protection 
of  slavery  in  the  Territories  by  Congress, 'and  fail- 
ing to  control  it  withdrew  from  it  in  a  body,  and 
organized  a  separate  convention,  which  they  de- 
clared represented  the  Democratic  party,  but  which, 
in  reality,  as  the  vote  subsequently  proved,  repre- 
sented but  a  minority  of  that  party. 

The  original  convention,  after  the  withdrawal 


166    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

of  these  delegates,  nominated  for  the  Presidency 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  and  for  the  Vice- 
Presidency  Herschell  Y.  Johnson,  of  Georgia.  It 
then  proceeded  to  adopt  the  platform  put  forward 
by  the  entire  party  four  years  before,  at  Cincinnati, 
upon  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Buchanan,  with  this 
additional  declaration :  "  That  as  differences  of 
opinion  exist  in  the  Democratic  party  as  to  the 
nature  and  extent  of  the  powers  of  a  territorial 
legislature,  and  as  to  the  powers  and  duties  of  Con- 
gress under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
over  the  institution  of  slavery  within  the  Territo- 
ries, .  .  .  the  party  will  abide  by  the  decisions  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  on  the 
questions  of  constitutional  law." 

The  "  Seceders'  Convention,"  as  it  was  commonly 
called,  also  adopted  the  Cincinnati  platform,  and 
pledged  themselves  to  non-interference  by  Congress 
with  slavery  in  the  Territories  or  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.  This  party  held  to  the  doctrine  that 
the  Constitution  recognized  slavery  as  existing  in 
the  Territories,  and  sanctioned  and  protected  it 
there,  and  that  neither  Congress  nor  the  people  of 
the  Territories  could  frame  any  law  against 
slavery  until  the  admission  of  such  Territories 
into  the  Union  as  States.  The  "  Seceders'  Con- 
vention "  put  forward  as  its  candidate  for  the  Pres- 
idency John  C.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky,- and 
for  the  Yice-Presidency  Joseph  Lane,  of  Oregon. 

The  Republican  party  took  issue  with  both  wings 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    167 

of  the  Democratic  party.  Its  convention  was  held 
at  Chicago,  Illinois,  and  its  candidates  were,  for 
President,  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  and  for 
Vice-President  Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Maine.  The 
platform  of  principles  adopted  by  the  Republican 
Convention  declared  that  ''  the  maintenance  of  the 
principles  promulgated  in  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence and  embodied  in  the  federal  Constitution 
is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  our  republican 
institutions.  .  .  .  That  all  men  are  created  equal; 
that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  cer- 
tain inalienable  rights." 

A  fourth  party,  known  as  the  "American  or 
Constitutional  Union  Party,"  proclaimed  as  its 
platform  the  following  vague  sentence  :  "  The  con- 
stitution of  the  country,  the  union  of  the  States, 
and  the  enforcement  of  the  laws."  The  convention 
'yf  this  party  met  at  Baltimore,  and  nominated  for 
he  Presidency  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  and  for 
the  Vice-Presidency  Edward  Everett,  of  Massachu- 
setts. 

The  contest  between  these  parties  was   bitter 
beyond  all  precedent,  and  resulted  as  follows : 

Popular  vote  for  Lincoln,  .         1,866,452 

"         "         Douglas,         .         1,375,157 
"         "         Breckinridge,  847,953  • 

«         "         Bell,       .         .  590,631 

The  electoral  vote  stood  as  follows:  For  Lincoln, 
180;  for  Breckinridge,  72;  for  Bell,  39;  fot 
Douglas.  12, 


168         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

Mr.  Lincoln  was  thus  elected  by  a  plurality  ot 
the  popular  vote,  which  secured  for  him  the  elec- 
toral votes  of  eighteen  States^  These  States  were 
entirely  north  of  the  sectional  line,  and  he  received 
not  a  single  electoral  vote  from  a  Southern  State 
The  States  which  cast  their  electoral  votes  for 
Breckinridge,  Bell,  and  Douglas,  were  entirely 
siaveholding.  The  division  thus  made  was  alarm- 
ing. It  was  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the 
republic  that  a  President  had  been  elected  by  the 
votes  of  a  single  section  of  the  Union.    ^ 

The  eighteen  States  that  voted  for  Mr.  Lincoln^ 
under  the  plurality  count  of  the  popular  vote, 
were :  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  Vermont,  New  York^ 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois, 
Michigan,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  California,  Minnesota, 
and  Oregon.  The  eleven  that  voted  for  Mr. 
Breckinridge  were :  Delaware,  Maryland,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mis- 
sissippi, Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida,  and  Texas. 
The  three  that  so  voted  for  Mr.  Bell  were :  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  and  Tennessee ;  and  the  one  that 
60  voted  for  Mr.  Douglas  was  Missouri.  Mr.  Lin- 
coln did  not  receive  the  majority  of  the  popular 
vote  in  but  sixteen  of  the  thirty-three  States  then 
constituting  the  Union ;  so  he  had  been  constitu- 
tionally elected,  without  having  received  a  majority 
of  the  popular  vote  of  the  States  or  of  the  people. 


¥ACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         169 


ADMINISTRATION  OF  ABRAHAM 
LINCOLN. 

March  4th,  1861— April  15th,  1865. 

Abraham  Lincoln,  the  sixteenth  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  inaugurated  at  Washington 
ou  the  4th  of  March,  1861.  As  it  was  feared 
that  an  attempt  would  be  made  to  prevent  the  in- 
auguration, the  city  was  held  by  a  strong  body  of 
regular  troops,  under  General  Scott,  and  the  Presi. 
dent  elect  was  escorted  from  his  hotel  to  the  capitol 
by  a  military  force.  No  effort  was  made  to  inter- 
fere  with  the  ceremonies,  and  the  inauguration 
passed  off  quietly. 

The  new  President  was  in  his  fifty-third  year, 
and  was  a  native  of  Kentucky.  When  he  was  but 
eight  years  old  his  father  removed  to  Indiana,  and 
the  boyhood  of  the  future  President  was  spent  in 
hard  labor  upon  the  farm.  Until  he  reached  man- 
hood he  continued  to  lead  this  life,  and  during  this 
entire  period  attended  school  for  only  a  year.  At 
the  age  of  twenty-one  he  removed  to  Illinois, 
where  he  began  life  as  a  storekeeper.  Being  anx^ 
ious  to  rise  above  his  humble  position,  he  deter- 
mined to  study  law.  He  was  too  poor  to  buy  the 
necessary  books,  and  so  borrowed  them  from  a 
neighboring  lawyer,  read  them  at  night,  and  re- 
turned them  in  the  morning.  His  genial  character, 
great  good  nature,  and  love  of  humor,  won  him 


170 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUP     rftESIDENTS. 


the  friendship  of  the  people  amon^  whom  he  re« 
sided,  and  they  elected  him  to  the  l^wer  house  of 
the  legislature  of  Illinois.  He  now  abandoned  his 
mercantile  pursuits,  and  began  the  practice  of  the 
law»  and  was  subsequently  elected  a  representative 


ABRAHAM   LINCOLN. 


to  Congress  from  the  Springfield  district.  He  took 
an  active  part  in  the  politics  of  his  State,  and  in 
1858  was  the  candidate  of  the  Republican  party 
for  United  States  senator.  In  this  capacity  he  en- 
gaged in  a  series  of  debates  in  various  parts  of  the 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  FKESIDENTS.    171 

State  with  Senator  Douglas,  the  Democratic  can- 
didate for  re-election  to  the  same  position.  This 
debate  was  remarkable  for  its  brilliancy  and  intel- 
lectual vigor,  and  brought  him  prominently  before 
the  whole  country,  and  opened  the  way  to  his 
nomination  for  the  Presidency.  In  person  he  was 
tall  and  ungainly,  and  in  manner  he  was  rough  and 
awkward,  little  versed  in  the  refinements  of  so- 
ciety. He  was  a  man,  however,  of  great  natural 
vigor  of  intellect,  and  was  possessed  of  a  fund  of 
strong  common  sense,  which  enabled  him  to  see  at 
.a  glance  through  the  shams  by  which  he  was  sur- 
rounded, and  to  pursue  his  own  aims  with  single- 
ness of  heart  and  directness  of  purpose.  He  had 
aprung  from  the  ranks  of  the  people,  and  he  was 
never  false  to  them.  He  was  a  simple,  unaffected, 
kind-hearted  man;  anxious  to  do  his  duty  to  the 
whole  country ;  domestic  in  his  tastes  and  habits ; 
and  incorruptible  in  every  relation  of  life.  He 
was  fond  of  humor,  and  overflowed  with  it ;  find- 
ing in  his  "  little  stories  "  the  only  relaxation  he 
ever  sought  from  the  heavy  cares  of  the  trying 
position  upon  which  he  was  now  entering.  He 
selected  his  cabinet  from  the  leading  men  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  placed  William  H.  Seward, 
of  New  York,  as  Secretary  of  State;  Salmon  P. 
Chase,  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ;  Simon 
Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  War; 
Gideon  Welles,  of  Connecticut,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy ;  Caleb  B.  Smith,  of  Indiana,  Secretary  of  the 


172    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

Interior;  Montgomery  Blair,  of  Maryland,  Post 
master-General;  and  Edward  Bates,  of  Missouri, 
Attorney-General. 

The  Great  Civil  War  was  the  all-important 
event  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  administration. 

In  1864  the  next  Presidential  election  was  held. 
The  Republican  National  Convention  met  at  Bal- 
timore, June  7,  and  adopted  a  platform  declaring 
war  upon  slavery,  and  demanding  that  no  terms 
but  unconditional  surrender  should  be  given  to  the 
rebellious  States.  It  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln, 
of  Illinois,  for  President,  and  Andrew  Johnson,  of 
Tennessee,  for  Vice-President. 

The  latter  was  a  United  States  Senator  when 
his  State  allied  itself  to  the  Confederacy.  He, 
however,  continued  to  hold  his  seat,  and  was  the 
only  Senator  from  any  of  the  States,  who  did  so 
after  the  withdrawal  of  their  States  from  the 
Federal  Union. 

The  Democratic  Convention  met  at  Chicago  Au- 
gust 29,  and  nominated  for  the  Presidency  General 
George  B.  McClellan,  of  the  Federal  army,  and  for 
the  Vice-Presidency,  George  H.  Pendleton,  of 
Ohio.  The  result  was  Messrs.  Lincoln  and  John- 
son carried  the  electoral  votes  of  every  State  ex- 
cept three,  to  wit :  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and 
Kentucky;  of  the  popular  vote  the  Democratic 
ticket  received  1,802,237,  against  2,213,665  cast 
for  Lincoln  and  Johnson. 

Abraham  Lincoln  having  been  duly  elected  was 


PACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.        173 

Inaugurated  for  his  second  term  on  the  4th  of 
March,  1865.  On  the  night  of  April  14th,  Presi 
dent  Lincoln  was  assassinated  at  Ford's  Theatre. 
in  Washington  City,  by  John  Wilkes  Booth. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  ANDREW  JOHNSON. 
15th  of  April,  1865— 4th  of  March,  1869. 

Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Lincoln,  Andrew  John- 
son, the  Vice-President,  by  the  terms  of  the  Con 
stitution,  became  President  of  the  United  States 
He  took  the  oath  of  office  on  the  15th  of  April, 
and  at  once  entered  upon  the  discharge  I  his 
duties.  His  first  act  was  to  retain  all  the  mem* 
bers  of  the  Cabinet  appointed  by  Mr.  Lincoln. 

Mr.  Johnson  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina, 
having  been  born  in  Raleigh,  on  the  29  th  of  De- 
cember, 1808.  At  the  age  often  he  was  bound  as 
an  apprentice  to  a  tailor  of  that  city.  He  was  at 
this  time  unable  to  read  or  write.  Some  years 
later,  being  determined  to  acquire  an  education, 
he  learned  the  alphabet  from  a  fellow-workman, 
and  a  friend  taught  him  spelling.  He  was  soou 
able  to  read,  and  pursued  his  studies  steadily 
working  ten  or  twelve-  hours  a  day  at  his  trade^ 
and  studying  two  or  three  more.  In  1826  he  re- 
moved to  Greenville,  Tennessee.  He  was  subse- 
quently chosen  alderman  of  his  town,  and  with 
this  election  entered  upon  his  political  career. 
Studying  law  he  abandoned  tailoring,  and  devoted 
himself  to  legal  pursuits  and    politics.     He  was 


■VNDREW  JOHNSON. 


174 


PACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         175 

successively  chosen  Mayor,  Member  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, Presidential  elector,  and  State  Senator.  He 
was  twice  elected  Governor  of  Tennessee,  and 
three  times  a  Senator  of  the  United  States  from 
that  State.  Upon  the  secession  of  Tennessee  from 
the  Union,  he  refused  to  relinquish  his  seat  in  the 
Senate,  and  remaineq"  faithful  to  the  cause  of  the 
Union  throughout  the  war,  winning  considerable 
reputation  during  the  struggle  by  his  services  in 
behalf  of  the  national  cause.  He  was  an  earnest, 
honest-hearted  man,  who  sincerely  desired  to  do 
his  duty  to  the  country.  His  mistakes  were  due 
to  his  temperament,  and  proceeded  from  no  desin 
to  serve  his  own  interests  or  those  of  any  party 
In  his  public  life  he  was  incorruptible.  A  man  ol 
ardent  nature,  strong  convictions,  and  indomitable 
will,  it  was  not  possible  that  he  should  avoid 
errors,  or  fail  to  stir  up  a  warm  and  determined 
opposition  to  his  policy. 

The  first  duty  devolving  upon  the  new  adminis- 
tration was  the  disbanding  of  the  army,  which  at 
the  close  of  the  war  numbered  over  a  million  of 
men.  It  was  prophesied  by  foreign  nations  and 
feared  by  many  persons  at  home,  that  the  sudden 
return  of  such  a  large  body  of  men  to  the  pursuits 
of  civil  life  would  be  attended  with  serious  evils, 
but  both  the  Union  and  the  Confederate  soldiers 
went  back  quietly  and  readily  to  their  old  avoca- 
tions. Thus  did  these  citizen-soldiers  give  to  the 
world  a  splendid  exhibition  of  the  triumph  of  law 


176    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

Hnd  order  in  a  free  country,  and  a  proof  of  the 
gtability  of  our  institutions. 

The  restoration  of  the  Southern  States  to  their 
places  in  the  Union  was  the  most  important  work 
of  Mr.  Johnson's  administration. 

In  the  fall  of  1868  another  Presidential  election 
was  held.  The  Republican  party  nominated  Gen- 
eral Ulysses  S.  Grant  for  the  Presidency,  and 
Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana,  for  the  Vice-Presi- 
dency. The  Democratic  party  nominated  Horatio 
Seymour,  of  New  York,  for  the  Presidency,  and 
Frank  P.  Blair,  of  Missouri,  for  the  Vice-Presi- 
flency.  The  election  resulted  in  the  ehoice  of 
General  Grant  by  a  popular  vote  of  2,985,031  to 
2,648,830  votes  cast  for  Mr.  Seymour.  In  the 
electoral  college  Grant  received  217  votes  and 
Seymour  77.  The  States  of  Virginia,  Mississippi 
and  Texas  were  not  allowed  to  take  part  in  this 
election,  being  still  out  of  the  Union* 

ADMINISTRATION    OF    ULYSSES    S. 

GRANT. 
4th  of  March,  1869— 4th  of  March,  1877. 
Ulysses  S.  Grant,  the  eighteenth  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  inaugurated  at  Washington 
with  imposing  ceremonies  on  the  4th  of  March, 
1869.  He  was  born  at  Mount  Pleasant,  Ohio,  on 
the  27th  of  April,  1822.  His  father  was  a  tanner, 
and  wished  him  to  follow  his  trade,  but  the  boy 
had  more  ambitious  hopes,  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    1^7 

teen  a  friend  secured  for  him  an  appointment  as 
a  cadet  at  West  Point,  where  he  was  educated. 
Upon  graduating  he  entered  the  army.  Two 
years  later  he  was  sent  to  Mexico,  and  served 
through  the  war  with  that  country  with  distincv 


ULYSSES    r    GRANT. 


tion.     He  was  specially  noticed  by  his  comman 
ders,  and  was  promoted  for  gallant  conduct.     Soon 
after  the  close  of  the  war  he  resigned  his  commis- 
sion, and  remained  in  civil  life  and  obscurity  until 
the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war,  when  he  volun- 


178    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

leered  his  services,  and  was  commissioned  by 
Governor  Yates  Colonel  of  the  Twenty-tirst  Illi« 
nois  regiment.  He  was  soon  made  a  Brigadier- 
General,  and  fought  his  first  battle  at  Belmont. 
His  subsequent  career  has  been  related  in  all  his- 
tories of  the  Great  Civil  War.  He  selected  the 
members  of  his  Cabinet  more  because  of  his  per- 
sonal friendship  for  them  than  for  their  weight 
and  influence  in  the  party  that  had  elected  him. 

General  Grant  was  the  fifth  President  whose 
military  achievements  had  contributed  more  to  higs 
election  to  this  high  office  than  any  services  ren- 
dered in  the  civil  departments  of  the  government. 
His  inaugural,  delivered  before  an  immense  crowd 
of  enthusiastic  admirers,  on  the  east  portico  of  th« 
capitol,  was  brief  and  pointed.  He  was  no  orator, 
and  his  address  on  tliis  occasion  was  rehearsed 
from  a  manuscript  before  him.  It  might  be  char- 
acterized as  a  good  specimen  of  the  "  multum  in 
'parvor  He  said  "  he  should  have  no  policy  of  his 
own,  except  to  carry  out  the  will  of  the  people,  as 
expressed  by  the  legislative  department,  and  ex« 
pounded  by  the  judiciary.  Laws,"  said  he,  "are 
to  govern  all  alike,  those  opposed,  as  well  as  those 
who  favor  them.  I  know  of  no  method  to  secure 
the  repeal  of  bad  or  obnoxious  laws  so  effective  as 
their  stringent  execution."  The  oath  of  office  was 
administered  by  Chief-Justice  Chase. 

His  cabinet  consisted  at  first  of  Elihu  B.  Wash- 
burne,  of  Illinois,  Secretary  of  State ;    Alexander 


PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    179 

T.  Stewart,  of  New  York,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury ;  John  D.  Rawlins,  of  Illinois,  who  had 
been  his  chief  of  staff  from  the  beginning  of  the 
great  war  until  its  termination.  Secretary  of  Warj 
Adolph  E.  Borie,  of  Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy ;  Jacob  D.  Cox,  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of 
the  Interior ;  John  A.  J.  Cresswell,  of  Maryland, 
Postmaster-General ;  and  Ebenezer  R.  Hoar,  of 
Massachusetts,  Attorney-General. 

Several  changes  in  the  cabinet  were  afterwards 
made,  the  most  notable  of  which  were  George  ^ 
Boutwell,  of  Massachusetts,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  instead  of  Alexander  T.  Stewart,  the 
famous  merchant  of  New  York.  Soon  after  the 
confirmation  of  the  latter  by  the  Senate,  it  was 
ascertained  that  he  was  ineligible  under  the  law, 
because  of  his  being  engaged  in  commerce.  Mr. 
Washburne  also  gave  up  his  place  to  accept  the 
position  of  Minister  to  France,  and  the  vacant 
Secretaryship  of  the  State  Department  was  given 
to  Hamilton  Fish  of  New  York. 

The  President  on  the  20th  of  March,  1870,  issued 
a  proclamation  announcing  that  the  Fifteenth 
Amendment  had  been  duly  ratified  by  a  sufficient 
number  of  States,  and  therefore  declared  it  to  be 
part  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  fall  of  1872,  another  presidential  election 
occurred.  The  canvass  was  marked  by  the  most 
intense  partisan  bitterness.  The  Republican  party 
renominated  General  Grant  for  the  presidency,  and 


180  FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR   PRESIDENTS. 

supported  Henry  Wilson  for  the  vice-presidency 
The  measures  of  the  administration  had  arrayed  a 
large  number  of  Republicans  against  it.  These 
now  organized  themselves  as  the  Liberal  Republican 
party,  and  nominated  Horace  Greeley  of  New  York 
for  the  presidency,  and  B.  Gratz  Brown  of  Missouri 
for  the  vice-presidency.  The  Democratic  party 
made  no  nominations,  and  its  convention  indorsed 
the  candidates  of  the  Liberal  Republican  party. 
The  election  resulted  in  the  triumph  of  the 
Republican  candidates  by  overwhelming  majorities. 
The  elections  were  scarcely  over  when  the 
Rountry  w^as  saddened  by  the  death  of  Horace 
Greeley.  He  had  been  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  had  been  closely  identified 
with  the  political  history  of  the  country  for  over 
thirty  years.  He  was  the  "Founder  of  the  New 
york  Tribune,''  and  had  done  good  service  with  hia 
journal  in  behalf  of  the  cause  he  believed  ^o  be 
founded  in  right.  He  was  a  man  of  simple  and 
childlike  character,  utterly  unaffected,  and  generous 
to  a  fault.  In  his  manner  and  dress  he  was  eccen- 
tric, but  nature  had  made  him  a  true  gentleman  at 
heart.  His  intellectual  ability  was  conceded  by  all. 
•  His  experience  in  public  life  and  his  natural  dis- 
position induced  him  to  favor  a  policy  of  concilia- 
tion in  the  settlement  of  the  reconstruction  ques- 
tion, and,  influenced  by  these  convictions,  he  signed 
the  bail-bond  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  secured  the 
release  of  the  fallen  leader  of  tlie  South  from  his 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.     181 

Imprisonment.  This  act  cost  him  a  large  part  of 
his  popularity  in  the  North.  He  accepted  the 
presidential  nomination  of  the  Liberal  party  in  the 
belief  that  his  election  would  aid  in  bringing  about 
a  better  state  of  feeling  between  the  North  and  the 
South.  He  was  attacked  by  his  political  opponents 
with  a  bitterness  which  caused  him  much  suffering, 
and  many  of  his  old  friends  deserted  him  and 
joined  in  the  warfare  upon  him.  Just  before  the 
close  of  the  canvass,  his  wife,  to  whom  he  was 
tenderly  attached,  died,  and  his  grief  for  her  and 
the  excitement  caused  by  the  political  contest 
broke  him  down  and  unsettled  his  mind.  He  was 
conveyed  by  his  friends  to  a  private  asylum,  where 
he  died  on  the  29th  of  November,  1872,  in  the 
sixty-second  year  of  his  age.  The  result  of  the 
election  by  States  was  286  electoral  votes  for  Grant, 
for  President,  286  for  Wilson,  for  Vice-President, 
and  47  for  B.  Gratz. Brown,  for  Vice-President. 

Mr.  Greeley  having  died  soon  after  the  election, 
and  before  the  meeting  of  the  Electoral  Colleges, 
the  electoral  votes  that  he  carried  at  the  popular 
election  (only  65)  were  cast  in  the  colleges  for  a 
number  of  persons  whose  names  had  never  been 
connected  with  i  he  office. 

The  votes  by  States  for  Grant  were  Alabama, 
California,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Florida,  Illinois, 
Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Maine,  Massachusetts, 
Michigan,  Mississippi,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Ne- 
^'ada,    North    Carolina,    New    Hampshire^    New 


182     FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

Jersey,  New  York,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania, 
Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  West  Virginia,  Vir- 
ginia, Vermont,  Wisconsin. — 29.  Those  casting 
electoral  votes  against  Grant  were  Maryland, 
Georgia,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  Missouri,  and 
Texas — 6.  The  electoral  votes  of  the  States  of 
Arkansas  and  Louisiana  were  not  counted. 

On  the  4th  day  of  July,  1876,  the  United  States 
of  America  completed  the  one  hundredth  year  of 
their  existence  as  an  independent  nation.  The 
day  was  celebrated  with  imposing  ceremonies  an(? 
with  the  most  patriotic  enthusiasm  in  all  parts  oV 
the  Union.  The  celebrations  began  on  the  night 
of  the  3d  of  July,  and  were  kept  up  until  midnight 
on  the  4th.  Each  of  the  great  cities  of  the  Unio| 
vied  with  the  others  in  the  splendor  and  complete, 
ness  of  its  rejoicings ;  but  the  most  interesting  of 
all  the  celeb' itions  was  naturally  that  which  was 
held  at  Philadelphia,  in  which  city  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  was  adopted. 

In  the  summer  of  1876  the  various  political  par- 
ties met  in  their  respective  conventions  to  nomi- 
nate candidates  for  the  Presidency  and  Vice-Presi- 
dency of  the  United  States,  which  oflBcers  were  to 
be  chosen  at  the  general  election  in  November. 
The  Republican  Convention  assembled  at  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  on  the  14th  of  June,  and  resulted  in 
the  nomination  of  Governor  Rutherford  B.  Hayes, 
of  Ohio,  for  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
of  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York,  for  Vice- 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         183 

President.  The  Democratic  Convention  was  held 
at  St.  Louis  on  the  27th  of  June,  and  nominated 
Governor  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  of  New  York,  for  the 
Presidency,  and  Governor  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  of 
Indiana,  for  the  Vice-Presidency.  A  third  Conven- 
tion, representing  the  Independent  Greenback  party, 
met  at  Indianapolis  on  the  18th  of  May,  and  nomi' 
nated  Peter  Cooper,  of  New  York,  for  President, 
and  Samuel  F.  Gary,  of  Ohio,  for  Vice-President. 

The  campaign  which  followed  these  nominations 
was  one  of  intense  bitterness,  and  was  in  msiuy 
respects  the  most  remarkable  the  country  has  .vef 
witnessed. 

The  election  was  held  on  the  7th  of  November, 
The  popular  vote  was  as  follows : 

For  Samuel  J.  Tilden 4,284,265 

"   Rutherford  B,  Hayes 4,033,295 

"  Peter  Cooper 81,737 

Tilden  thus  received  a  popular  majority  of 
250,970  votes  over  Hayes,  and  a  majority  of  169,« 
233  votes  over  both  Hayes  and  Cooper. 

Both  sides  claimed  the  success  of  their  tickets. 
In  several  of  the  States  there  were  two  returns. 
Three  hundred  and  sixty -nine  was  the  aggregate 
number  of  votes  of  the  electoral  college.  It  re- 
quired 185  to  elect.  The  advocates  of  Tilden  and 
Hendricks  maintained  that  by  right  they  were  en- 
titled to  the  electoral  votes  of  South  Carolina, 
f^lorida,  and  Louisiana,  which  would  give  them  an 


184    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRFSIDENTS. 

Aggregate  of  203  votes ;  but  that  if  the  votes  erf 
these  three  States,  amounting  to  19,  v/ere  given  to 
Hayes  and  Wheeler,  Tilden  and  Hendricks  would 
8till  have  184  undisputed  votes,  a^id  that  they  were 
clearly  entitled  to  one  vote  from  Oregon,  which 
would  give  them  185 — the  requisite  majority. 
Meantime  the  Republican  leaders  maintained  that 
upon  a  right  count  of  the  vote  of  the  four  States 
in  dispute  Hayes  and  Wheeler  had  the  majority. 
Leading  Republicans  in  Congress  maintained  that 
the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  had  a  right  to 
count  the  votes  as  sent  up  from  the  several  States, 
and  to  decide  questions  of  dispute  between  differ- 
ent returning  boards.  The  Democrats  proposed 
that  the  matter  should  be  settled  and  adjusted 
under  the  previously  existing  joint  rule  of  the  two 
Houses  on  the  subject  of  counting  the  electoral 
votes.  This  the  Republicans  refused  to  do.  The 
condition  of  affairs  was  assuming  a  threatening 
aspect,  when  a  proposition  was  made  to  provide  by 
law  for  a  Joint  High  Commission  to  whom  the 
whole  subject  should  be  referred.  This  was  to 
consist  of  five  members  of  the  House,  five  of  the 
Senate,  and  five  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  five 
Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  were  Clifford,  Miller, 
Field,  Strong,  and  Bradley;  the  Senators  were 
Edmunds,  Morton,  Frelinghuysen,  Bayard,  and 
Thurman ;  the  members  of  the  House  were  Payne, 
Hunton,  Abbott,  Garfield,  and  Hoar. 

To  the  commission  thus  constituted,  the  whol^ 
subject  was  referred  by  special  act  of  Congress. 


PACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    185 

The  two  Houses  of  Congress  met  in  joint  con- 
rention  on  the  1st  of  February,  1877,  and  began 
the  counting  of  the  electoral  vote.  When  the 
vote  of  Florida  was  reached,  three  certificates  were 
presented  and  were  referred  to  the  Electoral  Com- 
mission. This  body,  upon  hearing  the  arguments 
of  the  counsel  of  the  Democratic  and  Republican 
parties,  decided  that  it  had  no  power  to  go  behind 
the  action  of  the  Return  Board,  and  that  the  cer 
tificate  of  that  body  giving  the  vote  of  that  State 
to  Haye8  must  be  accepted  by  the  two  Houses  of 
Congress..  The  vote  by  which  this  decision  was 
reached  stood  eight  (all  Republicans)  in  favor  of 
it,  and  seven  (all  Democrats)  against  it.  A  similar 
conclusion  was  come  to  in  the  case  of  Louisiana. 
Objections  were  made  to  the  reception  of  the  votef 
of  Oregon  and  South  Carolina.  In  the  Oregon 
case  the  decision  was  unayiimously  in  favor  of 
counting  the  votes  of  the  Hayes  electors.  In  the 
South  Carolina  case  the  commission  decided  that 
the  Democratic  electors  were  not  lawfully  chosen ; 
but  on  the  motion  to  give  the  State  to  Hayes  the 
vote  stood  8  yeas  to  7  nays.  So  South  Carolina 
was  counted  for  Hayes.  Objection  was  made  on 
the  ground  of  ineligibility  to  certain  electors  from 
Michigan,  Nevada,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island, 
Vermont,  and  Wisconsin,  but  the  objections  were 
not  sustained  by  the  two  Houses. 

This  Commission  made  its  final  report  on  all  the 
cases  submitted  to  them,  on  the  2d  day  of  Marclti, 


186         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

and  according-  to  their  decision,  Hayes  and  Wheeler 
received  185  votes,  and  Tilden  and  Hendricks  184 
votes.  The  States  that  voted  for  Hayes  and 
Wheeler  were  California,  Colorado,  Florida,  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Maine,  Massachusetts, 
Michigan,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Nevada,  New 
Hampshire,  Ohio,  Oregon,  Rhode  Island,  Pennsyl- 
vania, South  Carolina,  Vermont  and  Wisconsin; 
jtnd  those  which  voted  for  Tilden  and  Hendricks 
were  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Delaware, 
Georgia,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Maryland,  Mississippi, 
Missouri,  New  Jersey,  New  York,  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia,  and  West  Virginia. 

General  Grant,  on  the  expiration  of  his  second 
term,  retired  from  office,  but  remained  in  Wash- 
ington City,  receiving  marked  demonstrations  of 
the  admiration  of  his  friends  for  some  months, 
before  starting  upon  an  extensive  travel  through 
Europe  and  around  the  world. 

ADMINISTRATION     OF    RUTHERFORD    B. 
HAYES. 

4th  of  March,  1877— 4th  of  March,  1881. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  the  nineteenth  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  inaugurated  at  Washington 
on  Monday,  March  5th,  1877.  As  the  4th  of 
March  fell  on  Sunday,  the  President-elect  simply 
took  the  oath  of  office  on  that  day.  The  inaugural 
ceremonies  were  carried  out  on  the  5th  at  the 


BUTHERFORD  B.  HAYES. 


187 


188    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

capitol  with  the  usual  pomp  and  parade,  and  in 
the  presence  of  an  enormous  multitude  of  citizbus 
and  visiting  military  organizations  from  all  parts 
of  the  country.  After  the  customary  reception  by 
the  Senate,  the  new  President  was  escorted  to  the 
eastern  portico  of  the  capitol,  where  he  delivered 
his  inaugural  address  to  the  assembled  multitude, 
after  which  the  oath  of  office  was  publicly  adminis- 
tered to  him  by  Chief-Justice  Waite. 

The  new  President  was  a  native  of  Ohio,  having 
been  born  at  Delaware,  in  that  State,  on  the  4th 
of  October,  1822.  He  graduated  at  Kenyon  Col- 
lege, Ohio,  and  obtained  his  professional  education 
at  the  law  school,  Cambridge,  Mass.  He  began  the 
practice  of  law  at  Cincinnati  in  1856.  Soon  aftet 
the  opening  of  the  war  he  enlisted  in  the  Twenty- 
third  Ohio  Volunteers,  with  which  regiment  he 
served  as  major,  lieutenant-colonel  and  colonel 
He  led  his  regiment,  which  formed  a  part  of 
General  Reno's  division,  at  the  battle  of  South 
Mountain,  in  September,  1862,  and  was  severely 
wounded  in  the  arm  in  that  engagement.  In  the 
fall  of  1862  he  was  made  colonel  of  the  regiment, 
and  in  1864  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier, 
general  of  volunteers,  and  was  brevetted  major* 
general,  "for  gallant  and  distinguished  services 
during  the  campaigns  of  1864  in  West  Virginia, 
and  particularly  in  the  battles  of  Fisher's  Hill  and 
Cedar  Creek."  At  the  time  of  this  last  promotion 
tie  was  in  command  of  a  division.      He  serve*^ 


PACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         189 

tintil  the  close  of  the  war,  receiving  four  wounds 
and  having  five  horses  shot  under  him  during  his 
military  career.  In  the  fall  of  1864  he  was  elected 
to  Congress,  and  was  returned  a  second  time  in 
1866.  In  1867,  before  the  expiration  of  his  Con- 
gressional term,  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Ohio, 
and  was  re-elected  to  that  office  in  1869,  being 
each  time  the  candidate  of  the  Republican  party. 
In  1870  General  Hayes  was  again  elected  to  Con- 
gress, and  in  1874  was  nominated  for  a  third  term 
as  Governor  of  Ohio.  His  opponent  was  Governor 
William  Allen,  one  of  the  most  popular  of  the 
Democratic  leaders  of  Ohio.  General  Hayes  was 
elected  by  a  handsome  majority.  He  resigned  this 
office  in  March,  1877,  to  enter  upon  his  new  duties 
as  President  of  the  United  States. 

President  Hayes  selected  as  his  cabinet  Williani 
M.  Evarts,  of  New  York,  Secretar}^  of  State; 
John  Sherman,  of  Ohio,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ; 
George  W.  McCrary,  of  Iowa,  Secretary  of  War; 
Richard  W.  Thompson,  of  Indiana,  Secretary  of 
the  Navy ;  Carl  Schurz,  of  Missouri,  Secretary  of 
the  Interior ;  David  M.  Key,  of  Tennessee,  Post* 
master-General ;  and  Charles  E.  Devens,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, Attorney-General.  The  cabinet  was  of  a 
composite  character  and  generally  regarded  as  a  very 
conservative  one.  Mr.  Hayes,  early  in  his  admin- 
istration,  adopted  several  reforms  in  the  civil  service^ 
one  of  which  was  not  to  allow  Federal  office 
♦lolders  to  take  active  part  in  ejectiona. 


190    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

Few  Presidents  were  ever  so  embarrassed  upon 
entering  on  the  duties  of  the  office  as  he  was.  At 
this  time  the  States  of  South  Carolina  and  Lou- 
isiana were  in  a  quasi  civil  -war.  Two  Governors 
in  each  were  claiming  to  be  entitled  to  the  execu- 
tive chair.  Two  legislatures  in  each  were  also 
claiming  to  be  rightfully  entitled  to  the  law-making 
power. 

Mr.  Haj,  es  displayed  the  most  consummate  skill 
in  the  conduct  and  settlement  of  these  most  em- 
barrassing questions.  In  the  summer  of  1880  the 
various  political  parties  of  the  country  met  in  Con- 
vention to  nominate  candidates  for  the  Presidency 
and  Vice-Presidency  of  the  United  States.  The 
Republican  Convention  met  in  Chicago  on  the  2d 
of  June,  and  nominated  James  A.  Gai^eld,  of  Ohio, 
for  President,  and  Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New 
York,  for  Vice-President.  (The  platform  and  all 
the  ballots  of  this  convention  will  be  found  in 
another  part  of  this  work.)  The  Democratic  Con- 
vention met  in  Cincinnati,  on  the  22d  of  June,  and 
nominated  Winfield  Scott  Hancock,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, for  President,  and  William  H.  English,  of 
Indiana,  for  Vice-President.  The  Greenback  Con- 
vention met  at  Chicago,  on  the  9th  of  June,  and 
nominated  James  B.  Weaver,  of  Iowa,  for  Presi- 
dent, and  B.  J.  Chambers,  of  Texas,  for  Vice- 
President. 

The  election  was  held  on  the  2d  of  November, 
%nd  resulted  in  the  choice  of  General  James  A. 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    191 

Garfield,  who  received  214  electoral  votes  to  155 
electoral  votes  cast  for  General  Hancock. 

The  States  that  voted  for  Garfield  and  Arthur 
were :  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa,  Kansas,  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan^ 
Minnesota,  Nebraska,  New  Hampshire,  New  York, 
Ohio,  Oregon,  Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Ver- 
mont, Wisconsin ;  and  those  that  voted  for  Han- 
cock and  English  were :  Alabama,  Arkansas,  Del 
aware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Kentucky,  Louisiana, 
Maryland,  Mississippi,  Missouri,  Nevada,  New 
Jersey,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennessee, 
Texas,  Virginia,  West  Virginia. 

The  State  of  California  was  divided.  She  casi 
one  vote  for  Garfield  and  Arthur,  and  five  for 
Hancock  and  English. 

The  last  days  of  Mr.  Hayes'  administration  were 
the  happiest  he  spent  in  the  White  House.  Ai 
the  close  of- his  term,  he  retired  to  his  residence  at 
Fremont,  Ohio,  followed  by  the  good  will  of  mil- 
lions of  his  fellow-citizens. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  GARFIELD. 

4th  of  March,  1881— 19th  of  September,  1881. 

On  Friday,  March  4th,  1881,  the  inauguration 
ceremonies  took  place  upon  a  scale  of  unusual  mag- 
nificence, and  were  participated  in  by  numerous 
military  and  civic  organizations,  and  by  thousands 
of  citizens  from  all  parts  of  the  country.    After  the 


192 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 


new  Vice-President  had  taken  the  oath  of  office, 
President-eloct  Garfield  was  formally  received  by 
the  Senate,  and  escorted  to  the  eastern  portico  of 
the  capitol,  where,  in  the  presence  of  an  immense 
aiultitude  of  citizens  and  soldiery,  he  delivered 


JAMES   A.    GARFIELD. 

eai  dble  and  eloquent  inaugural  address,  and  took 
the  oath  of  office  at  tlie  hands  of  Chief- Justice 
Waite. 
The  new  President  had  been  long  and  favorably 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    |93 

known  to  his  countrymen.  He  was  in  his  fiftieth 
year,  and  in  vigorous  health.  A  man  of  command- 
ing presence,  he  was  dignified  and  courteous  in  his 
demeanor,  accessible  to  the  humblest  citizen,  and 
deservedly  popular  with  men  of  all  parties.  Bom 
a  poor  boy,  without  influential  friends,  he  had  by 
his  own  efforts  secured  a  thorough  collegiate  edu- 
cation, and  had  carefully  fitted  himself  for  the 
arduous  duties  he  was  now  called  upon  to  dis- 
charge. Entering  the  army  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
civil  war,  he  had  won  a  brilliant  reputation  as  a 
soldier,  and  been  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major- 
General  of  volunteers.  Elected  to  Congress  from 
Ohio,  in  1862,  he  had  entered  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  December,  1863,  and  had  seen  almost 
eighteen  years  of  constant  service  in  that  body,  in 
which  he  had  long  ranked  as  one  of  the  most  bril- 
liant and  trusted  leaders  of  the  Republican  party. 
Early  in  1880  he  had  been  chosen  a  United  States 
Senator  from  Ohio,  but  had  been  prevented  from 
taking  his  seat  in  the  Senate  by  his  election  to  the 
Presidency.  Immediately  after  his  inauguration 
the  names  of  the  new  cabinet  were  sent  to  the 
Senate,  and  were  confirmed  without  opposition. 
James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine,  was  Secretary  of  State  ; 
William  Windom,  of  Minnesota,  was  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury ;  Robert  T.  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  son  of 
ex-Fresident  Abraham  Lincoln,  was  Secretary  of 
War;  William  H.  Hunt,  of  Louisiana,  was  Secretary 
of  the  Navy ;  Samuel  J.  Kirk  wood,  of  Iowa,  was  Sec- 

13 


194    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

retary  of  the  Interior ;  Thomas  L.  James,  of  New 
York,  was  Postmaster-General,  and  Wayne  Mc- 
Veagh,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  Attorney-General. 

The  Cabinet  was  regarded,  generally,  as  one 
very  judiciously  selected,  being  all  men  of  marked 
ability,  though  of  somewhat  different  shades  of 
opinion  in  the  Republican  party. 

As  the  time  wore  on.  President  Garfield  gained 
steadily  in  the  esteem  of  his  countrymen.  Hi? 
purpose  to  give  to  the  nation  a  fair  and  just  ad- 
ministration' of  the  government  was  every  day 
more  apparent,  and  his  high  and  noble  qualities^ 
became  more  conspicuous.  Men  began  to  feel  for 
the  first  time  in  many  years  that  the  Executive 
chair  was  occupied  by  a  President  capable  of  con- 
ceiving a  pure  and  noble  standard  of  duty,  and 
possessed  of  the  firmness  and  strength  of  will 
necessary  to  carry  it  into  execution.  The  country 
was  prosperous,  and  there  was  every  reason  to  ex- 
pect a  continuance  of  the  general  happiness. 

On  the  morning  of  July  2d,  President  Garfield, 
accompanied  by  a  distinguished  party,  including 
several  members  of  the  Cabinet,  preceeded  to  the 
Baltimore  and  Potomac  depot,  in  Washington,  to 
take  the  cars  for  Long  Branch.  The  President 
arrived  in  company  with  Secretary  Blaine.  They 
left  the  President's  carriage  together,  and  walked 
arm-in-arm  into  the  depot.  In  passing  through 
the  ladies'  waiting-room,  the  President  was  fired  at 
twice  by  a  man  named  Charles  J.  Guiteau.     The 


FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR    PRESIDENTS.         195 

first  shot  inflicted  a  slight  wound  in  the  President's 
right  arm,  and  the  second  a  terrible  wound  in  the 
right  side  of  his  back,  between  the  hip  and  the 
kidney.  The  President  fell  heavily  to  the  floor, 
and  the  assassin  was  secured  as  he  was  seeking  to 
make  his  escape  from  the  building. 

The  whole  city  was  thrown  into  the  greatest 
consternation  and  agitation  when  swift-winged 
rumor  bore  the  news  through  every  street  and 
avenue,  that  the  President  had  been  assassinated ! 
The  wires  carried  the  same  consternation  through- 
out the  length  and  breadth  of  the  Union,  as  well 
as  to  foreign  nations. 

In  the  meantime,  the  suffering  President  re- 
ceived every  attention  that  could  be  given.  He 
was  borne  as  soon  as  possible  to  the  Executive 
mansion,  where  many  eminent  surgeons  of  the 
country  were  soon  summoned  to  his  bedside ;  but 
no  permanent  relief  was  given.  Tli^  ball  was  not 
found,  and  he  continued  to  suffer  and  languish  for 
weeks.  His  physicians  thought  it  best  to  remove 
him  to  Long  Branch.  Suitable  and  comfortable  ar- 
rangements were  made  for  his  travel  from  the 
White  House  to  Francklyn  Cottage,  at  Elberon,  at 
that  place,  and  his  journey  was  successfully  per- 
formed on  the  6th  of  September. 

Here  he  continued  to  languish,  with  intervals  of 
hopeful  improvement  until  he  suddenly  grew  worse 
on  the  18th,  and  finally  expired  quietly  at  10.35 
p.  M.,  on  the  19th  of  September. 


196    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

His  remains  were  taken  to  Washington  and  lay 
in  state  in  the  rotunda  of  the  capitol,  after  which 
they  were  conveyed  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  there 
interred  with  the  most  solemn  and  impressive  cer- 
emonies. Never  before  was  there  such  universal 
and  unfeigned  sorrow  over  the  death  of  any  public 
official. 

On  the  night  of  the  death  of  the  President  at 
Elberon,  the  members  of  the  Cabinet  present  joined 
in  sending  the  following  telegram  to  Mr.  Arthur, 
the  Vice-President,  who  was  at  that  time  in  the 
city  of  New  York  : 

"  It  becomes  our  painful  duty  to  inform  you  of 
the  death  of  President  Garfield,  and  to  advise  you 
to  take  the  oath  of  office  without  delay." 

Mr.  Arthur,  as  advised  by  Mr.  Garfield's  Cabi- 
net, immediately  took  the  oath  of  office  before 
Judge  Brady,  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

On  the  22d  of  September  President  Arthur  again 
took  the  oath  of  office,  this  time  at  the  hands  of 
the  Chief-Justice  of  the  United  States,  and  was 
quietly  inaugurated  in  the  Vice-President's  room, 
in  the  Capitol  at  Washington,  delivering  upon  this 
occasion  a  brief  inaugural  address. 

President  Arthur  entered  quietly  upon  the  duties 
of  his  administration,  and  his  first  acts  were  sat- 
isfactory to  a  majority  of  his  countrymen.  As  he 
had  been  the  leader  of  '^  the  Stalwart "  section  of 
the  Republican  party,   it  was  felt  by  the  mem- 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS.    197 

bers  of  the  Cabinet  of  the  late  President  that  he 
should  be  free  to  choose  his  own  advisers.  There- 
fore, immediately  upon  his  accession  to  the  Execu- 
tive chair,  Mr.  Blaine  and  his  colleagues  tendered 


CHESTER    A.    ARTHUR. 


him  their  resignations.  They  were  requested, 
however,  by  the  new  President  to  retain  their 
offices  until   he   could  find  suitable  successors  to 


19H         FACTS    ABOUT    ALL    OUR     PRESIDENTS. 

them.  To  this  they  agreed,  but  before  the  yeaf 
was  out  several  important  changes  had  been  made 
in  the  Cabinet.  The  principal  of  these  were  the  sub- 
stitution of  Frederick  T.  Frelinghuysen,  of  New 
Jersey,  for  Mr.  Blaine,  as  Secretary  of  State,  and 
the  appointment  of  Judge  Charles  J,  Folger,  of 
Ohio,  to  the  Treasury  Department. 

One  of  the  first  acts  of  the  new  administration 
was  to  cause  the  indictment  of  Charles  J.  Guiteau 
for  the  murder  of  President  Garfield.  After  some 
delay  the  trial  of  the  assassin  began  on  the  14  th 
of  November.  It  ended  on  the  25th  of  January, 
1882,  in  the  conviction  of  Guiteau  for  the  murder 
3f  the  late  President. 

The  execution  took  place  in  the  District  jail  on 
the  30th  of  June,  1882,  and  was  witnessed  by 
about  200  people,  many  of  whom  Were  represen- 
tatives of  the  press. 

THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF 
GROVER  CLEVELAND 

March  4th,  1885— March  4th,  1889 
The  twenty-second  President  of  the  United 
States  was  Grover  Cleveland.  Mr.  Cleveland  was 
a  native  of  New  Jersey,  and  was  born  in  Caldwell, 
Essex  Co.,  March  18, 1837.  He  came  from  sturd}/ 
New  England  stock,  many  of  his  ancestors  having 
lield  honorable  positions  in  their  respective  locali- 
i^^<»      Some   of  them    were   ministers,   of  which 


PRESIDENT  GROVER  CLEVELAND. 


199 


200    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

number  was  President  Cleveland's  father.  The 
training  in  the  family  was  such  as  to  make  the 
boys,  of  whom  there  were  several,  upright,  self- 
reliant,  acquainted  with  public  affairs,  and  quali-- 
fied  for  useful  life. 

President  Cleveland,  after  teaching  two  or  three 
years,  studied  law  in  Buffalo,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  became  sheriff  of  the  county,  and,  having  re- 
ceived the  nomination  for  Governor  of  New  York, 
was  elected  by  a  large  inajority.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  nomination  in  the  Democratic  Con- 
vention of  1884  and  his  election  in  the  following 
November. 

With  very  imposing  ceremonies  Mr.  Cleveland 
was  inaugurated  at  Washington  on  the  4th  of 
March,  1885.  His  inaugural  address  was  a  clear, 
manly  and  forcible  presentation  of  the  duties  be- 
longing to  his  high  office,  with  some  suggestions 
concerning  the  vital  questions  of  the  hour. 

President  Cleveland's  administration  was  char- 
acterized by  a  conservative  policy,  a  desire  to  pu- 
rify official  life,  a  bold  and  vigorous  dealing  with 
the  tariff  question,  and  a  careful  guarding  of  the 
public  treasury.  At  the  close  of  the  third  year  of 
his  administration  the  Democratic  party  naturally 
looked  to  him  to  be  their  standard-bearer  during 
the  ensuing  campaign. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF 
BENJAMIN  HARRISON 

March  4th,  1889— March  4th,  1893 

Benjamin   Harrison  was  born  at.  North  Bend, 
Ohic,  August  2oth,  1833.      John  Scott  Harrison, 


BENJAMIN    HARRISON. 


father  of  Benjamin,  served  as  a  Governor  of  the 
Northwestern   Territory,  and  in  this  position  as 

201 


202    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

well  as  in  that  of  member  of  Congress,  rendered 
good  service.  He  was  a  farmer  by  occupation, 
and  entered  public  life  only  at  the  call  of  his 
constituents.  His  illustrious  son  graduated  at 
Miami  University,  Ohio,  in  1851,  and  on  October 
20th,  1853,  married  Miss  Caroline  Lavinia  Scott, 
of  Oxford,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Harrison  was  inaugurated  March  4th,  1889. 
His  administration  was  such  as  to  inspire  con- 
lidence  in  his  ability,  honesty  of  j)urpose,  and 
statesmanlike  wisdom.  With  James  G.  Blaine  for 
Secretary  of  State,  matters  at  issue  between  our 
Government  and  Great  Britain  and  Italy  were 
handled  in  a  conservative  manner,  and  at  the 
same  time  in  a  way  so  positive  that  no  charge 
of  weakness  or  unpatriotic  hesitation  could  be 
brought  against  him. 

Mr.  Harrison  approved  the  tariff  legislation, 
which  had  for  its  object  j)rotection  to  American 
industries.  He  took  decided  groun^i  in  the  dispute 
with  England  concerning  the  Bering  Sea  fisheries. 
He  approved  the  legislation  upon  the  Chinese 
question,  and  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  reciprocity 
with  the  Bepublics  of  South  America. 

On  public  occasions  he  showed  the  same  felicity 
of  speech  which  characterized  him  during  the 
campaign  preceding  his  election,  and  his  course 
during  his  term  of  office  was  such  as  to  enhance 
his  popularity  and  gather  to  his  support  the 
substantial,  controlling  elements  of  his  party. 


SECOND  ADMINISTRATION  OP 
GROVER  CLEVELAND 

March  4th,  1893— March  4th,  1897 

In  November,  1892,  Mr.  Cleveland  was  elected 
by  a  large  majority,  and  was  inaugurated  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1893.  There  was  the  usual  large 
gathering  at  Washington  of  people  from  all  parts 
of  the  country,  who  were  drawn  together  by  the 
imposing  ceremonies  of  the  occasion. 

The  capital  was  in  gay  attire ;  there  was  a  fine 
military  display;  the  streets  through  which  the 
procession  passed  were  lined  with  crowds  of  spec- 
tators, and  among  the  Democrats  there  was  a  jubi- 
lant feeling  and  expressions  of  congratulation  upon 
the  return  of  Mr.  Cleveland  to  the  White  House. 

He  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  at  a 
time  when  there  was  much  discussion  concerning 
public  questions,  especially  the  tariff  and  the  free 
coinage  of  silver.  A  low  protective  tariff  had 
been  the  chief  issue  of  the  preceding  campaign, 
and  it  was  understood  that  such  legislation  would 
be  adopted  as  would  change  the  McKinley  bill 
and  admit  various  kinds  of  imports  from  other 
countries  at  lower  rates. 

One  of  the  main  features  of  Mr.  Cleveland's 
second  administration  was  the  enactment  of  the 
Wilson  tariff  bill,  which  produced  a  marked  effect 
upon  the  revenues  of  the  Government.  So  great 
was  the  falling  off  in  the  treasury  receipts  that 
upwards  of  $250,000,000  in  bonds  were  issued, 
"^^^^'"h  found  a  ready  market,  thus  relieving  the 

203 


204    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUE  PKESIDENTS. 

emergency  and  providing  money  for  current  ex- 
penditures. 

Mr.  Cleveland's  administration  was  also  charac- 
terized by  a  vigorous  foreign  policy.  This  was  not 
so  evident  in  the  early  periods  of  it  as  subsequently, 
when  he  protested  against  the  encroachments  of 
Great  Britain  upon  territory  which  the  Republic 
of  Venezuela,  in  South  America,  claimed  as  her 
own  by  lawful  right.  Much  discussion  followed 
his  message  upon  this  subject,  and  there  were 
angry  mutterings  of  war  in  both  England  and 
America.  This  folly  was  speedily  suppressed  by 
the  uprising  of  a  strong  sentiment  in  both  nations 
in  favor  of  peace  and  the  settlement  of  all  inter- 
national questions  by  a  court  of  arbitration. 

Next  came  the  Cuban  question,  the  party  of 
freedom  in  that  island  having  risen  again  in  an 
insurrection  which  was  very  formidable  and  prom- 
ised to  be  successful.  There  were  multitudes  of 
sympathizers  with  struggling  Cuba  throughout  the 
country,  and  their  sentiment  was  vigorously  ex- 
pressed by  the  members  of  Congress.  Resolutions 
were  passed  by  both  houses  granting  the  rights  of 
belligerents  to  the  Cuban  insurgents,  but  these 
resolutions  were  not  signed  by  Mr.  Cleveland  and 
consequently  failed  of  their  intended  effect.  The 
action  of  Congress  produced  a  profound  impression 
in  Spain,  mobs  assembled  at  various  points,  and 
bitter  insults  were  offered  to  the  American  flag. 
Happily  a  peaceful  policy  prevailed. 


THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF 
WILLIAM  McKINLEY 

March  4th,  1897— March  4th,  1901 

In  the  election  of  November,  1896,  Mr.  Me- 
Kinley  received  7,101,401  of  the  popular  vote ; 
Mr.  Bryan,  6,470,656 ;  Mr.  Palmer,  132,056,  and 
Mr.  Levering,  candidate  of  the  Prohibition  party, 
130,560.  Of  the  Electoral  College,  Mr.  Mc-^ 
Kinley  received  271  votes,  and  Mr.  Bryan  176. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1897,  Mr.  McKinley  was 
inaugurated  President  with  imposing  ceremonies, 
and  Mr.  Hobart  was  inducted  into  the  office  of 
Vice-President.  A  multitude  of  people  from  all 
parts  of  the  country  assembled  in  Washington, 
and  nothing  occurred  to  mar  the  success  of  the 
inauguration.  Mr.  McKinley  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office  with  the  best  wishes,  not  only  of 
his  party,  but  of  all  classes  of  his  fellow-country- 
men. 

Mr.  McKinley  immediately  called  an  extra 
session  of  Congress,  which  assembled  on  March 
15,  for  the  express  purpose  of  revising  the  tariff, 
providing  a  revenue  sufficient  for  the  wants  of  the 
Government,  and  placing  the  finances  of  the 
nation  upon  a  sound  basis.  Hon.  Thomas  B. 
Reed,  of  Maine,  was  reelected  Speaker  of  the 
House. 

An  insurrection  which  broke  out  in  Cuba  in 
February,  1895,  led  to  the  landing  of  a  large 
Spanish  army  on  the  island  and  an  attempt  to 
suppress  the  uprising.  In  February,  1898,  the 
United    States   battleship   Maine   was   sent   on   a 

205 


206    FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR  PRESIDENTS. 

friendly  mission  to  the  harbor  of  Havana,  and  on 
the  15th  of  this  month  was  destroyed  by  a 
mysterious  explosion,  resulting  in  the  death  of 
266  sailors  and  marines  who  were  on  board.  The 
public  mind  was  greatly  excited  by  this  event,  and 


WILLIAM  Mckinley 

it  is  universally  conceded  that  it  had  much  to 
do  with  precipitating  the  war  between  the  United 
States  and  Spain  which  followed. 

On  April  18  both  Houses  of  Congress  united  in 
passing  a  series  of  resolutions  calling  for  the 
intervention  of  the  United  States  to  compel  Sjmin 
to  withdraw  her  forces  from  Cuba,  and  thus  permit 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUB  PRESIDENTS.    207 

the  authorities  at  Washington  to  provide  the  island 
with  a  free  and  independent  government.  The 
demand  contained  in  the  resolutions  was  sent  to  the 
Spanish  Minister  at  Washington  on  April  20,  who 
at  once  called  for  his  passports  and  left  for  Canada. 
In  the  war  that  followed  the  Spanish  fleets  at 
Manila  and  Santiago  were  destroyed  and  in  several 
land  battles  the  Spaniards  were  defeated,  resulting 
in  peace  between  the  two  countries,  December, 
1898.  Mr.  McKinley  was  re-elected  in  1900  by 
an  overwhelming  majority.  His  death  by  the  hand 
of  an  assassin  occurred  at  Buffalo,  September  13, 
1901. 

ADMINISTRATION  OF  THEODORE  ROOSEVELT. 

When  Mr.  Roosevelt  became  President  through 
the  death  of  the  lamented  McKinley,  he  announced 
that  he  would  continue  the  policies  of  his  predeces- 
sor. He  requested  the  members  of  the  Cabinet  to 
retain  their  positions.  The  prominent  acts  of 
Roosevelt^s  administration  relate  to  Cuba,  the 
Philippines,  the  prosecution  of  unlawful  trusts,  and 
also  of  the  men  who  were  accused  of  fraud  in  the 
Postoffice  Department. 

He  was  a  strong  advocate  of  an  isthmian  canal, 
and  was  quick  to  take  advantage  of  the  action  of 
Panama  in  becoming  a  Republic,  thereby  enabling 
the  United  States  to  secure  a  canal  route  from 
ocean  to  ocean. 

He   advocated  reciprocity   with  Cuba,  and  this 


208 


FACTS  ABOUT  ALL  OUR   PRESIDENTS. 


measure  was  enacted  by  Congress.  He  advocated 
the  celebration  of  the  Louisiana  purchase,  for 
which  Congress  made  an  appropriation  of  $5,000,- 
000  and  a  loan  of  $4,500,000. 


THEODORE    ROOSEVELT.    ' 

His  diplomacy  secured  for  our  country  the  re- 
spect and  good  will  of  foreign  nations,  and  largely 
through  his  efforts  ample  appropriations  were  made 
for  our  navy,  to  increase  the  number  of  ships  and 
keep  the  remainder  in  a  high  state  of  efficiency. 


Appendix  A. 

WHAT  IT  COSTS  THE  PRESIDENT  TO  LIVE 

The  official  salary  of  the  President  is  fixed 
by  law  at  fifty  thousand  dollars  per  annum, 
or  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  his  terai 
of  four  years.  At  the  beginning  of  each 
term  Congress  makes  an  appropriation  for 
refurnishing  the  Executive  Mansion.  The 
kitchen  and  pantry  are  supplied  to  a  consid- 
erable extent  by  the  same  body.  Congress 
pays  uU  the  employees  about  the  house,  from 
the  private  secretary  to  the  humblest  boot- 
black ;  it  provides  fuel  and  lights ;  keeps  up 
the  stables;  and  furnishes  a  corps  of  gar- 
deners and  a  garden  to  supply  the  Presiden- 
tial board  with  fruits,  flowers,  and  vegetables. 
Many  persons  suppose  that  these  allowance? 
ought  to  be  enough  to  enable  him  to  liv« 
comfortably.  They  are  mistaken,  however. 
The  President  is  required  by  public  opinion 
to  live  in  a  style  consistent  with  the  dignity 
of  his  position  and  the  honor  of  the  country, 
and  such  a  mode  of  life  imposes  upon  him 
many  very  heavy  expenses.  Besides  this, 
he  is  expected  to  be  liberal  and  charitable 
towards  persons  and  meritorious  causes  seek- 
ing his  aid,  and  "their  name  is  legion.'*  He 
cannot  give  as  a  private  individual;  his  do- 
nation must  be  large.  The  expense  of  en- 
tertaining the  various  officers  of  the  Govem- 
ment,   members  of  Congress,  and  Foreign 

14  209 


210  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

Ministers,  is  enormous.     One  hundred  thou 
sand  dollars  per  annum  would  not  be  too 
much  to  allow  him. 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  VISITORS. 

Access  to  the  President  may  be  easily  had 
by  any  person  having  legitimate  business 
with  him,  or  wishing  to  pay  his  respects  to 
the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  Union,  but,  as 
His  Excellency's  time  is  valuable  and  much 
occupied,  interviews  are  limited  to  the  short- 
est possible  duration.  Visitors,  upon  such 
occasions,  repair  to  the  reception-room  ad- 
joining the  President's  private  office,  send 
m  their  cards,  and  await  His  Excellency's 
pleasure. 

Besides  granting  these  private  interviews, 
fhe  President  holds  public  receptions  or 
levees  at  stated  times  during  the  sessions  of 
Congress. 

His  official  title  is  '*Mr.  Presiuent,"  but 
courtesy  has  added  that  of  ''  His  Excellency." 
It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  none  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive officers  of  the  States  of  the  Union 
except  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  have 
any  legal  claim  to  the  titles  ''His  Excel- 
lency" and  ''Your  Excellency." 

All  sorts  of  people  come  to  see  the  Presi- 
dent, on  all  sorts  of  business.  His  immense 
patronage  makes  him  the  object  of  the 
efforts  of  many  unprincipled  men.     His  in- 


THifi   WHITE   HOUSE.  211 

tegrity  is  subjected  to  the  severest  trials 
and  if  he  come  out  of  office  poor,  as  happily 
all  of  our  Presidents  have  dono,  he  must  in- 
deed be  an  honest  man.  His  position  is  not 
a  bed  of  roses,  for  he  cannot  hope  to  please 
all  parties.  His  friends  exaggerate  his  good 
qualities,  and  often  make  him  appear  ridicu- 
lous, while  his  enemies  magnify  his  faults 
and  errors,  and  slander  and  persecute  him 
in  every  imaginable  way.  Pitfalls  are  set 
for  him  along  every  step  of  his  path,  and  he 
must  be  wary  indeed  if  he  would  not  faU 
into  them.  The  late  President  Buchanai 
unce  said  that  there  were  at  least  two  per- 
sons in  the  world  who  could  not  echo  the 
wish  experienced  by  each  American  mother 
that  her  son  might  one  day  be  President, 
and  that  they  were  the  retiring  and  the  in- 
coming Presidents,  the  first  of  whon;  was 
worn  and  wtdvy  with  the  burden  he  wa-  lay- 
ing down,  and  the  other  for  the  first  time 
fully  alive  to  the  magnitude  of  the  task  he 
had  undertaken. 

CABINET  MEETINGS. 
The  Cabinet  Ministers  in  our  Government 
are  the  Secretaries  placed  at  the  heads  of 
the  various  Departments.  They  are  the 
constitutional  advisers  of  the  President,  but 
he  is  not  obliged  to  be  governed  by  their 
advice.     It  is  customary,  however,  to  laj 


212  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

important  matters  before  them  for  their 
opinions  thereupon,  which  are  submitted  in 
writing  at  the  request  of  the  President,  and 
for  this  purpose  regular  meetings  of  the 
Cabinet  are  held  at  stated  times  in  a  room 
in  the  Executive  Mansion,  provided  for  that 
purpose.  It  is  located  on  the  second  floor  of 
the  mansion,  and  is  plainly  but  comfortably 
furnished. 

The  relations  existing  between  the  Presi- 
dent and  his  Cabinet  are,  or  ought  to  be,  of 
the  mo»t  friendly  and  confidential  nature. 
They  are  well  set  forth  in  the  attitude  main« 
tained  upon  this  point  by  Mr.  Lincoln.  Says 
Mr.  Raymond,  his  biographer:  '^He  always 
maintained  that  the  proper  duty  of  each 
Secretary  was  to  direct  the  details  of  every- 
thing done  within  his  own  Department,  and 
to  tender  such  suggestions,  information,  and 
advice  to  the  President  as  he  might  solicit 
at  his  hands.  But  the  duty  and  responsi- 
bility of  deciding  what  line  of  policy  should 
be  pursued,  or  what  steps  should  be  taken 
in  any  specific  case,  in  his  judgment,  be- 
longed exclusively  to  the  President ;  and  he 
was  always  willing  and  ready  to  assume  if 

THE  WHITE  HOUSE. 

The  Executive  Mansion  is  situated  on 
Pennsylvania  Avenue,  near  the  western  end 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  213 

of  the  city,  and  is  surrounded  by  the  Treas- 
ury, State,  War,  and  Navy  Departments. 
The  grounds  in  front  are  handsomely  orna- 
mented, and  in  the  rear  a  fine  park  stretches 
away  to  the  rivui;  The  location  is  attractive, 
and  commands  a  magnificent  view  of  the 
Potomac,  but  it  is  not  healthy.  Ague  and 
fever  prevails  in  the  Spring  and  Fall,  and 
renders  it  anything  but  a  desirable  place  of 
residence.  The  building  is  constructed  of 
freestone  painted  white  —  hence  its  most 
common  nauie,  the  ''White  House.^^  It  was 
designed  by  James  Hoban,  and  was  modeled 
after  the  palace  of  the  duke  of  Leinster. 
The  corner-stone  was  laid  on  the  13th  of 
October,  1792,  and  the  house  was  ready  for 
occupancy  in  the  Summer  of  1800.  It  was 
partially  destroyed  by  the  British  in  1814. 
It  has  a  front  of  one  hundred  and  seventy 
feet,  and  a  depth  of  eighty-six  feet.  It  con- 
tains two  lofty  stories  of  rooms,  and  the  roof 
is  surrounded  with  a  handsome  balustrade. 
The  exterior  walls  are  ornamented  with  fine 
Ionic  pilasters.  On  the  north  front  is  a 
handsome  portico,  with  four  Ionic  columns 
in  front,  and  a  projecting  screen  with  three 
columns.  The  space  between  these  two  rows 
of  i)illars  is  a  covered  carriage  way.  The 
main  entrance  to  the  house  is  from  this  por- 
tico through  a  massive  doorway,  which  opens 
into  the  main  hall.     The  garden  front  has  a 


214  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

rusticated  basement,  which  gives  a  third 
story  to  the  house  on  this  side,  and  by  a 
semi-circular  projecting  colonnade  of  six 
columns,  with  two  flights  of  steps,  leading 
from  the  ground  to  the  level  of  the  principal 
story. 

THE  INTERIOR  OF  THE  WHITE  HOUSE. 

Entering  by  the  main  door,  the  visitor 
finds  himself  in  a  handsome  hall,  divided 
midway  by  a  row  of  imitation  marble  pil- 
lars, and  ornamented  with  portraits  of  former 
Presidents.  Passing  to  the  left,  you  enter 
the  magnificent  banqueting  hall,  or,  as  it  is 
commonly  called, 

THE  EAST  ROOM, 
which  occupies  the  entire  eastern  side  of  the 
house.  It  is  a  beautiful  apartment,  and  is 
handsomely  furnished.  It  is  used  during 
the  levees  and  upon  great  State  occasions 
The  President  sometimes  receives  here  the 
congratulations  and  respects  of  his  fellow- 
citizens,  and  is  subjected  to  the  torture  ol 
having  his  hand  squeezed  out  of  shape  by 
his  enthusiastic  friends.  It's  a  great  pity 
that  some  one  of  our  Chief  Magistrates  has 
not  the  moral  courage  to  put  a  stop  to  this 
ridiculous  practice  of  hand-shaking.  The 
East  Room  is  eighty-six  feet  long,  forty  feet 
wide,  and  twenty-eight  feet  high.    It  has  foui 


THE    WHITE   HOUSE.  215 

fire-places,  and  is  not  an  easy  room  to  warm. 
Adjoining  the  East  Room  are  three  others, 
smaller  in  size,  the  whole  constituting  one  oi 
the  handsomest  suites  in  the  country.  The 
first,  adjoining  the  East  Room,  is  the  Green 
Room,  the  next  the  Blue  Room,  and  the 
third  the  Red  Room,  Each  is  handsomely 
furnished,  the  prevailing  color  of  the  apart- 
ment giving  the  name. 

THE  RED  ROOM 
is  elliptical  in  foim  having  a  bow  in  rear 
and  is  one  of  the  handsomest  in  the  house. 
It  is  used  by  the  President  as  a  general  re- 
ception-room. He  receives  here  the  official 
visits  of  the  dignitaries  of  the  Republic,  and 
of  foreign  ministers.  Previous  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  East  Room,  this  apartment 
was  used  for  all  occasions  of  public  cere 
mony. 

The  building  contains  thirty-one  rooms  ol 
considerable  size.  West  of  the  Red  Room  is 
the  large  dining-room  used  upon  State  occa- 
sions, and  adjoining  that  is  the  small  dining- 
room  ordinarily  used  by  the  President  and 
his  family.  The  stairs  to  the  upper  story  are 
on  the  left  of  the  main  entrance,  and  are 
always  in  charge  of  the  door-keeper  and 
his  assistants,  whose  business  it  is  to  see 
that  no  improper  characters  find  access  to 
the  private  portion  of  the  house. 


216  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

The  north  front  has  six  rooms,  which  are 
used  as  chambers  by  the  family  of  the  Presi- 
dent, and  the  south  front  has  seven  rooms — 
the  ante-chamber,  audience-room,  cabinet- 
room,  private  office  of  the  President,  the 
ladies'  parlor,  and  two  others,  used  for  vari- 
ous purposes. 

THE  LADIES'  PARLOR 

is  situated  immediately  over  the  Red  Room, 
and  is  of  the  same  size  and  shape.  It  is 
for  the  private  use  of  the  ladies  of  the  Pres- 
ident's family,  and  is  the  handsomest  and 
most  tastefully  furnished  apartment  in  the 
house. 

There  are  eleven  rooms  in  the  basement, 
which  are  used  as  kitchens,  pantries,  but- 
ler's room,  &c.  The  house  is  built  in  the 
old  style,  and  has  an  air  of  elegance  and 
comfort  extremely  pleasing  to  the  eye. 

FIRST  MISTRESS  OP  THE  WHITE  HOUSR. 

Mrs.  John  Adams  came  to  Washington 
with  her  husband  in  November,  1800,  and 
at  once  took  possession  of  the  Executive 
Mansion.  Her  impressions  of  it  are  thus 
described  by  herself  in  a  letter  to  her 
daughter,  written  soon  after  ber  arrival. 
She  says : 

"  The  house  is  upon  a  grand  and  superb 
^ale    requiring  about    thirty   servants   to 


THE   WHITE   HOUSK  217 

attend  and  keep  the  apartments  in  propei 
order,  and  perform  the  ordinary  business  of 
the  house  and  stables — an  establishment 
very  well  proportioned  to  the  President's 
salary.  The  lighting  the  apartments,  from 
the  kitchen  to  parlors  and  chambers,  is  a 
tax  indeed,  and  the  fires  wo  are  obliged  to 
keep  to  secure  us  from  daily  agues  is  an- 
other very  cheering  comfort.  To  assist  us 
in  this  great  castle,  and  render  less  attend- 
ance necessary,  bells  are  wholly  wanting, 
not  one  single  one  being  hung  through  the 
whole  house,  and  promises  are  all  you  can 
obtain.  This  is  so  great  an  inconvenience, 
that  I  know  not  what  to  do  or  how  to  do. 
The  ladies  from  Georgetown  and  in  the 
city  have  many  of  them  visited  me.  Yes- 
terday I  returned  fifteen  visits.  But  such 
a  place  as  Georgetown  appears !  Why,  our 
Milton  is  beautiful.  But  no  comparisons, 
if  they  put  me  up  bells,  and  let  me  have 
wood  enough  to  keep  fires,  I  design  to  be 
pleased.  But,  surrounded  with  forests,  can 
you  believe  that  wood  is  not  to  be  had,  be- 
cause people  cannot  be  found  to  cut  and 
cart  it?  .  .  .  We  have  indeed,  come  into 
a  new  country, 

"The  house  is  made  habitable,  but  there 
is  not  a  single  apartment  finished,  and  all 
within-side,  except  the  plastering,  has  been 
done  since  B.  came.     We  have  not  the  hast 


218  THE  WHITB  HOUSE. 

/ewce,  yard,  or  convenience  vMhout,  and  the 
great  unfinished  audience-room  I  make  a 
drying-room  of,  to  hang  up  the  clothes  in. 
...  If  the  twelve  years,  in  which  this 
place  has  been  considered  as  the  future  seat 
of  government,  had  been  improved,  as  they 
would  have  been  in  New  England,  very 
many  of  the  present  inconveniences  would 
have  been  removed.  It  is  a  beautiful  spot, 
capable  of  any  improvement,  and  the  more 
I  view  it,  the  more  I  am  deligh^^d  with  it.^^ 

OLD  TIMES  AT  THE  WHITE  HOUSE. 

Mr.  Cooper  thus  describes  a  dinner  at  the 
White  House,  to  which  he  was  invited, 
during  its  occupancy  by  Mr.  Monroe : 

**  On  this  occasion,  we  were  honored  with 
the  presence  of  Mrs.  Monroe,  and  two  or 
three  of  her  female  relatives.  Crossing  the 
hall,  we  were  admitted  to  a  drawing-room, 
in  which  most  of  the  company  were  already 
assembled.  The  hour  was  six.  By  far  the 
greater  part  of  the  guests  were  men,  and 
perhaps  two-thirds  were  members  of  Con- 
gress. .  .  .  There  was  veiy  great  gravity 
of  mien  in  most  of  the  company,  and  neither 
any  very  marked  exhibition,  nor  any  posi- 
tively striking  want  of  grace  of  manner. 
The  conversation  w^as  commonplace,  and  a 
li':;tle  sombre,  though  two  or  three  men  of  the 
world  got  around  the  ladies,  where  the  bat- 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  219 

de  of  words  was  maintained  with  sulHBcient 
spirit.  ...  To  me  the  entertainment  had 
rather  a  cold  than  a  formal  air.  When  dinner 
was  announced,  the  oldest  Senator  present 
(there  were  two,  and  seniority  of  service  is 
meant)  took  Mrs.  Monroe,  and  led  her  to 
the  table.  The  rest  of  the  party  followed 
without  much  order.  The  President  took  a 
lady,  as  usual,  and  preceded  the  rest  of  the 
guests. 

^'The  drawing-room  was  an  apartment  of 
good  size,  and  of  just  proportions.  It  might 
have  been  about  as  large  as  the  better  sort 
df  Paris  salon  in  a  private  hotel.  It  was 
iirnished  in  a  mixed  style,  partly  English 
and  partly  French.  ...  It  was  neat, 
sufficiently  rich,  without  being  at  all  mag- 
nificent, and,  on  the  whole,  was  very  much 
like  a  similar  apartment  in  the  house  of  a 
man  of  rank  and  fortune  in  Europe.  The 
dining-room  was  in  a  better  taste  than  is 
common  here,  being  quite  simple,  and  but 
little  furnished.  The  table  was  large  and 
rather  handsome.  The  service  was  in  china, 
as  is  uniformly  the  case,  plate  being  ex- 
ceedingly rare,  if  at  all  used.  There  was, 
however,  a  rich  plateau,  and  a  great  abun- 
dance  of  the  smaller  articles  of  table-plate. 
The  cloth,  napkins,  &c.,  &c.,  were  fine  and 
beautifuL 

''The  dinner  was  served  in  the  French 


220  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

style,  a  little  Americanized.  The  dishes 
were  handed  round,  thougli  some  of  the 
guests,  appearing  to  prefer  their  own  cus- 
toms, coolly  helped  themselves  to  what  they 
found  at  hand.  Of  attendants  there  were  a 
good  many.  They  were  neatly  dressed,  out 
of  livery,  and  sufficient.  To  conclude,  the 
whole  entertainment  might  have  passed  for 
a  better  sort  of  European  dinner-party,  at 
which  the  guests  were  too  numerous  for 
general  or  very  agreeable  discourse,  and 
some  of  them  too  new  to  be  entirely  at  their 
ease.  Mrs.  Monroe  arose,  at  the  end  of  the 
dessert,  and  withdrew,  attended  by  two  or 
three  of  the  most  gallant  of  the  company. 
No  sooner  was  his  wife^s  back  turned,  than 
the  President  reseated  himself^  inviting  his 
guests  to  imitate  the  action.  After  allowing 
his  guests  sufficient  time  to  renew,  in  a  few 
glasses,  the  recollections  of  similar  enjoy- 
ments of  their  own,  he  arose  himself,  giving 
the  hint  to  his  company,  that  it  was  time  to 
rejoin  the  ladies.  In  the  drawing-room, 
coffee  was  served,  and  everybody  left  the 
house  before  nine.^' 

AN  OLD-TIME  LEVEE. 

*'0n  the  succeeding  Wednesday  Mrs 
Monroe  opened  her  doors  to  all  the  world. 
No  invitation  was  necessary,  it  being  the 
usage  for  the  wife  of  the  President  to  i-eceivr 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  221 

company  once  a  fortnight  during  the  session, 
without  distinction  of  persons. 

'*We  reached  the  White  House  at  nine. 
The  court  (or  rather  the  grounds)  was  filled 
with  carriages,  and  the  company  was  arriv- 
ing in  great  numbers.  On  this  occasion  two 
or  three  additional  drawing-rooms  were 
opened,  though  the  frugality  of  Congress  has 
prevented  them  from  finishing  the  principal 
reception-room  of  the  building.  I  will  ac- 
knowledge the  same  sort  of  surprise  I  felt  at 
the  Castle  Garden  fete,  at  finding  the  assem- 
blage so  respectable  in  air,  diess  and  de- 
portment. 

''The  evening  at  the  White  House,  or 
drawing-room,  as  it  is  sometimes  pleasantly 
called,  is,  in  fact,  a  collection  of  all  classes 
of  people,  who  choose  to  go  to  the  trouble 
and  expense  of  appearing  in  dresses  suited 
to  an  ordinary  evening  party.  I  am  not  sure 
that  even  dress  is  much  regarded ;  for  I  cer- 
tainly saw  a  good  many  there  in  boots.  The 
females  were  all  neatly  and  properly  attired, 
though  few  were  ornamented  with  jewelry. 
Of  course,  the  poor  and  laboring  classes  of 
the  community  would  find  little  or  no  pleas- 
ure in  such  a  scene.  They  consequently  stay 
away.  The  infamous,  if  known,  would  not 
be  admitted ;  for  it  is  a  peculiar  consequence 
of  the  high  tone  of  morals  in  this  countryj 
that  grave  and  notorious  ofienders  rarely 


222  THE   WHITE  HOUSE. 

pi-esume  to  violate  the  public  feeling  by  in- 
vading society. 

''  Squeezing  through  the  crowd,  we  achieved 
a  passage  to  a  part  of  the  room  where  Mrs. 
Monroe  was  standing,  surrounded  by  a  bevy 
of  female  friends.  After  making  our  bow 
here,  we  sought  the  President.  The  latter 
had  posted  himself  at  the  Ufp  of  the  room, 
where  he  remained  most  of  the  evening, 
shaking  hands  with  all  who  approached. 
Near  him.  stood  all  the  Secretaries  and  a 
ireat  number  of  the  most  distinguished  men 
of  the  nation.  Individuals  of  importance 
from  all  parts  of  the  Union  were  also  here, 
and  were  employed  in  the  manner  usual  to 
such  g«cenes. 

"Besides  these,  one  meets  here  a  great 
variety  of  people  in  other  conditions  of  life. 
I  have  known  a  cartman  to  leave  his  hcrse 
in  the  street,  and  go  into  the  reception-room 
to  shake  hands  with  the  President.  He 
offended  the  good  taste  of  all  present,  be- 
cause it  w^as  not  thought  decent  that  a 
laborer  should  come  in  a  dirty  dress  on  such 
in  occasion ;  but  while  he  made  a  trifling 
mistake  in  this  particular,  he  proved  how 
well  he 'understood  the  difference  between 
government  and  society.  He  knew  the  levee 
was  a  sort  of  homage  paid  to  political  equal- 
ity in  the  person  of  the  first  magistrate,  but 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  223 

he  would  not  have  presumed  to  enter  the 
house  of  the  same  person  as  a  private  indi- 
vidual, without  being  invited,  or  without  a 
reasonable  excuse  in  the  w^ay  of  business. 

*' There  are,  no  doubt,  individuals  who  mis- 
take the  character  of  these  assemblies,  but 
the  great  majority  do  not.  They  are  a  sim- 
ple, periodical  acknowledgment  that  there  is 
uo  legal  barrier  to  the  advancement  of  any 
one  to  the  first  association  in  the  Union. 
You  perceive,  there  are  no  masters  of  cere- 
monies, no  ushers,  no  announcings,  nor,  in- 
deed, any  let  or  hindrance  to  the  ingress  of 
all  who  please  to  come ;  and  yet  how  few,  in 
eomparison  to  the  whole  number  who  might 
enter,  do  actually  appear.  If  there  is  any 
man  in  Washington  so  dull  as  to  suppose 
equality  means  a  right  to  thrust  himself  into 
any  company  he  pleases,  it  is  probable  he 
satisfies  himself  by  boasting  that  he  can  go 
to  the  White  House  once  a  fortnight,  as  well 
as  a  governor  or  anybody  else.^' 

ETIQUETTE. 

The  social  observances  of  the  White  House 
are  prescribed  with  the  utmost  exactness. 
At  the  commencement  of  Washington's  ad- 
ministration, the  question  of  how  to  regulate 
such  matters  was  discussed  with  great  eari^- 
estness.  It  was  agreed  that  the  exclusivv 
rules  by  which  European  conrtR  were  ecov- 


224  THE   WHITE   HOOSE. 

erned  would  not  entirely  suit  the  new  Re- 
public, as  there  were  no  titled  personages  in 
America,  and  as  the  society  of  our  country 
was  organized  on  a  professed  basis  of  equal- 
ity- Washington  caused  the  following  arti- 
cles to  be  drawn  up : 

''In  order  to  bring  the  members  of  society 
together  in  the  first  instance,  the  custom  of 
the  country  has  established  that  residents 
shall  pay  the  first  visit  to  strangers,  and, 
among  strangers,  first  comers  to  later  comers, 
foreign  and  domestic ;  the  character  of  stran- 
ger ceasing  after  the  first  visit.  To  this  rule 
there  is  a  single  exception.  Foreign  minis- 
ters, from  the  necessity  of  making  them- 
selves known,  pay  the  first  visit  to  the 
[cabinet]  ministers  of  the  nation,  which  is 
returned. 

"When  brought  together  in  society,  all  are 
perfectly  equal,  whether  foreign  or  domestic, 
titled  or  untitled,  in  or  out  of  ofiice. 

"All  other  observances  are  but  exempli- 
Ications  of  these  two  principles. 

"The  families  of  foreign  ministers,  arriving 
at  the  seat  of  government,  receive  the  first 
visit  from  those  of  the  national  ministers,  as 
from  all  other  residents. 

"Members  of  the  legislature  and  of  the 
judiciary,  independent  of  their  ofiices,  have 
a  right,  as  strangers,  to  receive  the  first 
visit. 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  225 

"No  title  being  admitted  here,  tLose  of 
[oreigners  give  no  precedence. 

''Differences  of  grade  among  the  diplo- 
matic members  give  no  precedence. 

"  At  public  ceremonies  to  which  the  gov- 
ernment invites  the  presence  of  foreign  min- 
isters and  their  families,  a  convenient  seat 
or  station  will  be  provided  for  them,  with 
any  other  strangers  invited,  and  the  farailies 
of  the  national  ministers,  each  taking  place 
as  they  arrive,  and  without  any  precedence. 

'*  To  maintain  the  principle  of  equality,  or 
of  pele  7nele,  and  prevent  the  growth  of  pre ' 
cedence  out  of  courtesy,  the  members  of  the 
executive  will  practise  at  their  own  houses 
and  recommend  an  adherence  to  the  ancien^ 
usage  of  the  country,  of  gentlemen  in  masd 
giving  precedence  to  the  ladies  in  mass,  in 
passing  from  one  apartment  where  they  are 
assembled  into  another. ^^ 

These  rules  were  too  arbitrary  and  exact- 
ing to  give  satisfaction,  and  society  was  not 
disposed  to  acknowledge  so  genuine  an 
equality  amongst  its  members.  For  some 
years,  disputes  and  quarrels  were  frequent 
and  bitter.  In  the  wint<^.r  of  1819,  John 
Quincy  Adams,  then  So.  -^  liry  of  State,  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  Daniei  D.  Tompkins,  the 
Vice-President,  stating  that  he  had  been 
informed  that  the  members  of  the  Senate 
had  agreed  amongst  themselves  to  pay  no 

15 


226  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

hrst  visits  to  any  person  except  the  Piee- 
ident  of  the  United  States.  He  declared 
that  he  repudiated  the  claim  on  the  part  of 
the  Senators,  and  that  he  would  pay  no  first 
calls  himself  as  being  due  from  him  or  his 
family.  Mr.  Adams  was  severely  criticised 
for  his  aristocratic  views,  and  the  contro- 
versy went  on  as  warmly  as  before.  The 
result,  a  few  years  later,  was,  that  all 
parties  interested  agreed  upon  a  code,  which 
is  now  in  force,  and  which  may  be  stated  as 
follows,  as  far  as  the  White  House  is  con- 
cerned: 

THE  CODE. 

The  title  of  the  Executive  is  Mr.  Pres- 
ident  It  is  not  proper  to  address  him  in 
conversation  as  Your  Excellency. 

The  President  receives  calls  upon  matters 
of  business  at  any  hour,  if  he  is  unengaged. 
He  prefers  that  such  visits  should  be  made 
in  the  morning.  Stated  times  are  appointed 
for  receiving  persons  who  wish  to  pay  their 
respects  to  him.  One  morning  and  one 
evening  in  each  week  are  usually  set  apart 
for  this  purpose. 

During  the  winter  season,  a  public  recep- 
tion, or  levee,  is  held  once  a  week,  at  which 
guests  are  expected  to  appear  in  full  dress. 
They  are  presented  by  the  Usher  on  such 
occasions,  and  have  the   honor  of  shaking 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  227 

hands  with  the  President,    These  receptions 
last  from  eight  until  ten  o'clock. 

On  the  1st  of  January  of  each  year,  the 
President  holds  a  public  reception,  at  which 
the  Foreign  Ministers  present  in  the  city 
appear  in  full  court  dress,  and  the  oflicerg 
of  the  Army  and  Navy  in  full  uniform.  The 
Heads  of  Departments,  Governors  of  States, 
and  Members  of  Congress  are  received  first, 
then  the  Diplomatic  Corps,  then  the  oflicers 
of  the  Arm}'  and  Navy,  and  then  the  doors 
are  thrown  open  to  the  public  generally  for 
the  space  of  two  hours. 

The  President,  as  such,  must  not  be  in- 
vited to  dinner  by  any  one,  and  accepts  no 
such  invitations,  and  pays  no  calls  or  visits 
of  ceremony.  He  may  visit  in  his  private 
capacity,  however,  at  pleasure. 

An  invitation  to  dine  at  the  White  House 
takes  precedence  of  all  others,  and  a  pre 
vious  engagement  must  not  be  pleaded  as 
an  excuse  for  declining  it.     Such  an  invita- 
tion must  be  promptly  accepted  in  wa-iting. 

THE  PRESIDENT'S  RECEPTIONS. 

The  levees  held  by  the  President  differ  in 
nothing  from  those  of  Mr.  Monroe's  time, 
described  a  few  pages  back,  except  that  the 
East  Room  is  now  finished,  and  the  wdiole 
magnificent  suite  of  apartments  is  used. 
The  elite  of  the  land  are  present,  but  the 


228  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

infamous  are  also  there  in  the  pei'son?  of 
those  who  live  by  plundering  the  public 
treasury. 

The  President  stands  in  one  of  the  smallei 
parlors,  generally  in  the  Red  or  Blue  Eoom 
He  is  surrounded  by  his  Cabinet,  and  the 
most  distinguished  men  in  the  land.  Near 
him  stands  his  wife,  daughter,  or  some 
relative  representing  the  mistress  of  the 
mansion.  Visitors  enter  from  the  hall,  and 
are  presented  to  the  President  by  the  Usher, 
who  first  asks  their  names,  residences,  and 
avocations.  The  President  shakes  each  one 
by  the  hand  cordially,  utters  a  few  pleasant 
words  in  reply  to  the  greeting  of  his  guest, 
and  the  visitor  passes  on  into  the  next  room, 
to  make  way  for  those  behind  him.  Before 
doing  so,  however,  he  is  presented  to  the 
lady  of  the  house,  to  whom  he  pays  his  re- 
spects also.  This  regular  routine  goes  on 
for  the  space  of  two  hours,  when  it  is 
brought  to  an  end,  the  President  devoutly 
thanking  Heaven  that  it  does  not  last  aR 
night. 

These  levees  are  no  doubt  very  interesting 
to  the  guests,  but  they  are  the  bugbears  of 
the  Presiaent  and  his  family.  The  former  is 
obliged  by  custom  to  shake  hands  with 
every  man  presented  to  him,  and  when  the 
levee  is  over,  his  right  hand  is  often  bruised 
and  swollen.     It  is   said  that  some  of  the 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  229 

Presidents  have  suffered  severely  fmm  this 
species  of  torture,  and  that  General  Har- 
rison's death  was  to  some  degree  hastened 
by  it. 

President  Arthur  being  a  widower,  and 
having  no  grown-up  daughter,  his  sister, 
Mrs.  McElroy,  acted  as  lady  of  the  White 
House,  and  her  amiable  way  of  making 
everybody  at  home,  even  at  the  receptions 
of  the  Diplomatic  Corps  and  distinguished 
foreigners,  will  be  gratefully  remembered 
by  all  who  have  been  honored  by  an  invi- 
tation. 

The  semi-annual  receptions  of  the  Pres- 
ident— New  Year's  Day  and  the  Fourth  of 
July — are  brilliant  affairs.  At  a  little  before 
eleven  o'clock*  in  the  morning,  the  ap- 
proaches to  the  Executive  Mansion  are 
thronged  with  the  spendid  equipages  of  the 
various  Cabinet  olficers  and  Foreign  Minis- 
ters. The  entrance  at  such  times  is  by  the 
main  door,  and  the  exit  through  one  of  the 
large  north  windows  of  the  East  Koom,  in 
front  of  which  a  temporary  platform  is 
erected.  The  customs  upon  such  occasions 
vary  slightly  with  each  administration.  In 
the  description  given  here,  the  order  ob- 
served at  the  reception  of  the  President, 
January  1,  1884,  is  followed. 

The  East  Room  and  the  other  parlors  are 
handsomely    decorated    with    flowerp.    and 


230  THE   WHITE   HOUSE. 

other  ornaments,  the  full  Marine  Bat  a  is 
in  attendance  to  furnish  music  for  the 
promenaders  in  the  East  Eoom,  and  a 
strong  police  force  is  present  to  preserve 
order  when  the  people  are  admitted  en 
masse. 

At  a  few  minutes  before  eleven  o'clock, 
the  President  and  the  ladies  of  the  White 
House,  in  full  dress,  take  their  places  in 
the  Blue  Room,  the  President  standing  neai 
the  door  leading  into  the  Red  Room,  and 
the  ladies  in  the  centre  of  the  Blue  Room. 
The  President  is  attended  by  either  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Buildings,  or  the 
Marshal  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  whose 
duty  it  is  to  present  the  guests  to  him.  A 
gentleman  is  also  appointed  to  attend  the 
ladies  for  the  purpose  of  presenting  the 
guests  to  them. 

Precisely  at  eleven  o'clock  the  doors  are 
thrown  open,  and  the  reception  begins.  The 
Cabinet  Ministers  and  their  families  are  ad 
mitted  first,  and  after  they  have  passed  on 
into  the  East  Room,  through  the  Green  Par- 
lor, the  Secretaiy  of  State  remains  and  pre- 
sents the  Foreign  Ministers  and  their  fami- 
lies. They  are  followed  by  the  Justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court  and  their  families.  Then 
come  the  Senators  and  Representatives  in 
Congress  and  their  families.  The  next  in 
order  are  the  officers  of  the  Army,  then  the 


THE   WHITE   HOUSE.  231 

officers  of  the  Navy  and  Marine  Corps,  ii 
full  uniform,  and  then  the  officials  of  the 
District  of  Columbia.  These  personages 
generally  occupy  the  first  hour.  The  doors 
are  then  opened  to  the  public,  and  the  next 
two  hours  are  devoted  to  receiving  them. 
Several  thousand  persons  are  presented 
during  this  period.  They  say  a  few  pleas- 
ant words  to  the  President,  receive  a  brief 
reply,  and  pass  on. 

The  promenaders  in  ttie  East  Eoom  often 
linger  in  that  apartment  during  the  whole 
reception.  The  scene  is  brilliant,  the  toi- 
lettes are  magnificent,  the  uniforms  and  court 
dresses  attractive,  and  the  music  fine.  At  a 
little  after  two  o^clock  the  parlors  are  de- 
serted, and  the  gay  throng  has  sought  other 
attractions. 

Besides  those  public  levees,  the  ladies  of 
the  White  House  hold  receptions  at  stated 
periods,  to  which  invitations  are  regularly 
issued.  The  President  sometimes  appears 
upon  these  occasions,  but  is  under  no  obli- 
gation to  do  so. 

During  the  first  two  years  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  Mr.  Lincoln,  he  always  selected  a 
lady  to  join  the  promenade  with  him  at  nis 
evening  receptions,  thus  leaving  his  wife  free 
to  choose  an  escort  from  the  distinguished 
throng  which  always  surrounded  her  on  such 
occasionp^.     This  custom  did  not  please  Mrs 


232  THE  WHITE   HOUSE. 

Lincoln,  who  resolved  to  put  a  stop  to  it 
She  declared  the  practice  absurd.  "On  such 
occasions/^  said  she,  '-our  guests  recognize 
the  position  of  the  President  as  first  of  all ; 
consequently  he  takes  the  lead  in  every- 
thing ;  well,  now,  if  they  recognize  his  posi^ 
tion,  they  should  also  recognize  mine.  1  am 
his  wife,  and  should  lead  with  him.  And 
yet  he  offers  his  arm  to  any  other  lady  in  the 
room,  making  her  first  with  him,  and  placing 
me  second.  The  custom  is  an  absurd  one, 
and  I  mean  to  abolish  it.  The  dignity  that 
I  owe  to  my  position,  as  Mrs.  President,  de- 
mands that  I  should  not  hesitate  any  longer 
to  act." 

The  spirited  lady  kept  her  word.  Ever 
after  this,  she  either  led  the  promenade  witk 
the  President,  or  that  dignitary  walked  alone 
or  in  company  with  some  gentleman. 

It  has  long  been  the  custom  for  the  Presi- 
dent to  give  a  series  of  State  dinners  during 
the  session  of  Congress,  to  which  the  various 
members  of  that  body,  the  higher  Govern- 
ment officials,  and  the  Diplomatic  Corps  are 
invited.  In  order  to  be  able  to  entertain 
each  one  of  these  celebrities  it  is  necessary 
to  give  about  two  dinners  per  week.  The 
custom  was  not  much  observed  during  Mr. 
Lincoln's  administration,  though  it  has  been 
revived  by  his  successor. 


THE    WHITE   HOUSE.  233 

IMPERTINKNT  GOSSIP. 

The  President  and  his  famil}  are  miicli 
annoyed  by  the  impertinent  curiosity  of 
which  they  are  the  objects.  There  are  '^cores 
of  persons  in  Washington,  some  of  whom  are 
doubtless  well-meaning  people,  who  are  so 
ignorant  of  the  common  decencies  of  society, 
as  to  seek  to  lay  bare  before  the  public  every 
incident  of  the  private  life  of  the  family  at 
the  White  House.  The  whole  city  rings  wdth 
gossip  upon  this  topic,  much  of  which  finds 
its  way  into  the  columns  of  the  newspaper 
press  in  various  parts  of  the  land,  to  the 
great  annoyance  of  its  victims.  There  are 
people  who  can  tell  you  how  the  President 
gets  out  of  bed  in  the  morning,  how  he 
dresses,  breakfasts,  picks  his  teeth,  what  he 
talks  about  in  the  privacy  of  his  family,  and 
a  thousand  and  one  other  such  private  de- 
tails, until  you  "turn  from  your  informant 
with  the  most  intense  disgust.  It  is  said 
that  much  of  this  comes  from  the  servants 
employed  in  the  Executive  Mansion,  who 
seem  to  think  it  adds  to  their  importance  to 
retail  such  scandal.  Every  year  this  goes 
on,  and  every  new  occupant  of  the  Wfjite 
House  is  subjected  to  such  peise^utioii. 


Appendix  B. 


FiGfJEES  are  said  to  be  dry,  but  figures  some- 
times have  a  large  meaning.  They  are  the  skele- 
ton, and  no  body  would  be  good  for  much  without 
the  skeleton.  It  is  all  a  question  of  figures  as  to 
whether  a  man  is  a  millionaire  or  a  pauper,  whether 
he  is  elected  to  the  highest  office  in  the  gift  of  the 
people  or  suffers  inglorious  defeat.  Figures  are 
mighty;  they  tell  thrilling  tales;  they  rule  the 
world. 

The  next  morning  after  an  exciting  election 
every  one  wishes  to  know  what  figures  have  to  say. 
The  following  pages  will  be  no  less  interesting  as 
records  of  history.  You  will  find  it  profitable  to 
study  the  contests  of  party  and  the  results  of  the 
great  campaigns  as  expressed  in  these  tables.  They 
present  the  cold,  hard  facts ;  they  have  the  force 
that  always  goes  with  statistics.  The  reader  will 
Bee  that  the  two  great  political  parties  are  very 
evenly  matched ;  neither  has  an  overwhelming 
advantage   over   the   other    in  the   popular  vote. 

235 


236 


POPULAR  VOTE   FOR  PRESIDENT. 


1860. 


linooln, 

Douglaa, 

Breckinridge, 

EeU, 

state*. 

R. 

D. 

D. 

U. 

Alabama, 

•••••. 

13651 

48831 

27875 

Arkansas, 

5227 

23732 

20094 

California, 

39173 

38516 

34334 

6817 

Colorado, 

Connecticut, 

43792 

15522 

14641 

3291 

Delaware, 

3815 

1023 

7337 

3864 

Florida, 

367 

8543 

5437 

Georgia, 

11590 

51889 

42886 

Illinois, 

172161 

160215 

2404 

4913 

Indiana, 

139033 

115509 

12295 

5306 

Iowa, 

70409 

55111 

1048 

1763 

Kansas, 

Kentucky, 

1364 

25651 

53143 

66058 

Louisiana, 

7625 

22681 

20204 

Maine, 

62811 

26693 

6368 

2046 

Maryland, 

2294 

5966 

42482 

41760 

Massachusetts, 

106533 

34372 

5939 

22331 

Michigan, 

88480 

65057 

805 

405 

Minnesota, 

22069 

11920 

748 

Q2 

Mississippi, 

3283 

40797 

25040 

Missouri, 

17028 

58081 

31317 

58372 

Nebraska, 



Nevada, 

5801 

New  Hampshire, 

37519 

22811 

2212 

441 

New  Jersey, 

58324 

62500 

New  York, 

362646 

312731 

North  Carolina., 

48539 

44990 

Ohio, 

231610 

18822 

11403 

12194 

Oregon, 

5270 

3951 

5006 

183 

Pennsylvania, 

268030 

16765 

178871 

12776 

Rhode  Island, 

12244 

7707 

South  Carolina, 

Electors  chosen  by  Legislature. 

Tennessee, 

11350 

64709 

69274 

Texas, 

47548 

15438 

Vermont, 

33808 

6849 

218 

1969 

Virginia, 

1929 

16290 

74323 

74681 

West  Virginia, 

Wisconsin, 

86110 

65021 

888 

161 

Totals, 


1866452   1375157   847953   590631 


fOPULAR    VOTE    FOR    PRESIDENT. 


237 


1864. 


i^68. 


Lincoln,       McClellan,  Grant,  Seymour, 

Stfttet.  R.                    D.  R.  D. 

Alabama,        7^366  72086 

Arkansas,         22152  10078 

California,  62134   43841  54592  54078 

Colorado,         

Connecticut,  44691    42285  50996  47951 

Delaware,   _  8155    8767  7623  10980 
Florida, 

Georgia,         57134  102822 

Illinois,  189996   158730  256293  199143 

Indiana,  150422   130233  176552  166980 

Iowa,  89075    40596  120399  74040 

Kansas,  16441    3691  31047  14019 

Kentucky,  27786   64301  39569  115889 

Louisiana,        33263  80225 

Maine,  6814    46992  70426  42396 

Maryland,  40153    32739  30438  62357 

■Massachusetts,  126742   4874C  136477  59408 

Michigan,  91521    74604  128550  97009 

Minnesota,  21060   17375  43542  28072 

Mississippis  

Missouri,  72750   31678  85671  59788 

Nebraska,        9729  5439 

Nevada,  9826    6594  6480  5218 

New  Hampshire,  36400    32871  38191  31224 

New  Jersey,  60723    68024  80121  83001 

New  York,  368732   361986  410883  429883 

North  Carolina,     96226  84090 

Ohio,  265154   205568  280128  237800 

Oregon,  9888    8457  10961  11125 

Pennsylvania,  296391   276316  342280  313382 

Rhode  Island,  14349    8718  12903  6548 

South  Carolina,     62301  45237 

Tennessee,   56757  26311 

Texas                            ••••••  •.«...           

Vermont,  42419    13321  44167  12045 

firginia,  

West  Virginia,  23152        10438  29025  20306 

Wisconsin,  83458        65884  108857  84710 


Totals, 


2223035   811754  3013188  270360C 


238                POPULAR  VOTE   FOR    PRESIDENT. 

*1876.                               flSSO. 

Hayes,    Tilden      Garfield  Hancock  Weaver, 

Dow, 

States. 

R.            D.             R.            D. 

G. 

P. 

Alabama, 

68,708  102,989    56,221     91,185 

4,642 

Arkansas, 

38,669    58,071     42,436     60,775 

4,079 

California, 

79,279    76,468    80,348     80.426 

3,392 

Colorado, 

By  Legislature.     27,450    24,647 

1,435 

Connecticut, 

59,034    61,934    67,071     64,415 

868 

"*469 

Delaware, 

10,752     13,381     14,133     15,275 

120 

Florida, 

23,849    22,927    23,654    27,964 

Georgia, 

50,446  130,088     54,086  102,470 

969 



Illinois, 

278,222  258,601  318,037  277,321 

26,358 

443 

Indiana, 

208,011  213,526  232,164  225,522 

12,986 

Iowa, 

171,326  112,121  183,927  105,845 

32,701 

"*592 

Kansas, 

78,322    37,902  121,549     59,801 

19,851 

25 

Kentucky, 

97,156  159,696  106,306  149,068 

11,499 

258 

Louisiana, 

75,315     70,508     38,637    65,067 

439 

Maine, 

66,300    49,917     74,039    65,171 

4,408 

""93 

Maryland, 

71,981     91,780    78,515    93,706 

818 

Massachusetts, 

150,063  108,777  165,205  111,960 

4,548 

"'682 

Michigan, 

166,534  141,095  185,341  131,597 

34,895 

942 

Minnesota, 

72,962    48,799     93,903    53,315 

3,267 

286 

Mississippi, 

52,605  112,173     34,854    75,750 

5,797 

Missouri, 

145,029  203,077  153,567  208,609 

35,135 

Nebraska, 

31,916     17,554    54,979    28,523 

3,950 

Nevada, 

10,383      9,308      8,732      9,613 

.    .    .  r     -, 

New  Hampshire.  41,539    38,509    44,852    40,794 

'**528 

mf 

New  Jersey, 

103,517  115,962  120,555  122,565 

2,617 

191 

New  York,^^ 

489,207  521,949  555,544  534,511 

12,373 

1,517 

North  Caroiina 

,  108,417  125,427  115,874  124,208 

1,126 



Ohio, 

330,698  323,182  375,048  340,821 

6,456 

'  2,618 

Oregon, 

15,206     14,149     20,619     19,948 

249 

Pennsylvania, 

384,184  366,204  444,704  407,428 

20,668 

'  V,939 

Rhode  Island, 

15,787     10,712     18,195     10,779 

236 

20 

South  CaroUna, 

,     91,870    90,896    58,071  112,312 

566 

Tennessee, 

89,566  133,166  107,677  128.191 

5,917 

""43 

Texas, 

44,803  104,803    57,893  156^28 

27,405 

Vermont, 

44,428    20,350    45,567     18,316 

1,215 

Virginia, 

95,558  139,670    84,020  128,586 

West  Virginia, 

42,046     56,495    46,243    57,391 

*  9',679 

Wisconsin, 

130,070  123,926  144,400  114,649 
4,033,768  4,285,992  4,454,416  4,444,952 

7,986 
308,578 

'"69 

Total, 

10,305 

Maj.  over  all. 

145,911    J9,464 

*  1876— Greenback,  81,737;  Prohibition,  9,522;  American,  539;  imner 
feet  and  scattering,  14,715.  f  1880— Greenback,  308,578;  Prohibition, 
10,305;  American,  707  ;  imperftrt  and  scattering,  989.  X  Plwnility.  Ai^ 
over  Garfield,  311,115. 


POPULAR   VOT^   FOR  PRESIDENT.  289 

^1884. 


Blaine, 

Cleveland, 

Butler, 

St.  John, 

?itates. 

R. 

D. 

G. 

P. 

Alabama, 

59,591 

93,951 

873 

612 

Arkansas, 

50,895 

72,927 

'1,847 

California, 

102,416 

89,288 

2,017 

2,920 

Colorado, 

36,290 

27,723 

1,958 

761 

Connecticut, 

65,923 

67,199 

1,688 

2,305 

Delaware, 

12,951 

16,964 

6 

55 

Florida, 

28,031 

31,766 

72 

Greorgia, 

48,603 

94,667 

"145 

195 

Illinois, 

337,474 

312,355 

10,910 

12,074 

Indiana, 

238,463 

244,990 

8,293 

3,028 

Iowa, 

197,089 

177,316 

1,472 

Kansas, 

154,406 

90,132 

16,341 

4,495 

Kentucky, 

118,122 

152,961 

1,691 

3,139 

Louisiana, 

46,347 

62,540 

Maine, 

72,209 

52,140 

3,953 

2,160 

Maryland, 

85,699 

96,932 

531 

2,794 

IMassacliusetts, 

146,724 

122,481 

24,433 

10,026 

Michigan, 

192,669 

149,835 

i2,243 

18,403 

Minnesota, 

111,923 

70,144 

3,583 

4,684 

Mississippi, 

43,509 

76,510 

Missouri, 

202,929 

235,988 

*2*,i53 

Nebraska, 

76,912 

54,391 

2,899 

Nevada, 

7,193 

5,578 

"26 



New  Hampshire, 

43,249 

39,183 

552 

1,571 

New  Jersey, 

123,440 

127,798 

3,496 

6,159 

New  York, 

562,005 

563,154 

16,994 

25,016 

North  Carolina, 

125,068 

142,952 

454 

Ohio, 

400,-082 

368,280 

'5',]*  79 

11,069 

Oregon, 

26,860 

24,604 

726 

492 

Pennsylvania, 

473,804 

392,785 

16,992 

15,283 

Rhode  Island, 

19,030 

12,391 

422 

928 

South  Carolina, 

21,733 

69,890 



Tennessee, 

124,078 

133,258 

"957 

1,131 

Texas, 

93,141 

225,309 

3,321 

3,534 

Vermont, 

39,514 

17,331 

785 

1,752 

Virginia, 

139,356 

145,497 

. .... 

138 

West  Virginia, 

63,096 

67,317 

810 

939 

Wisconsin, 

161,157 

146,459 

4,874,986 

4,598 
175,370 

7,656 

Total, 

4,851,981 

150,369 

plurality. 

23,005 

*  1884 — Blank,  defective  and  scattering,  14,904.  In  consequence  of  the 
uncertainties  in  the  count  resulting  from  the  "  fusions  "  formed,  the  plu- 
rality shown  for  Cleveland  must  be  considered  an  approximation  to  the 
actual  result— not  a  definite  result.     All,  over  Cleveland,  317,638, 


240 


POPULAR   VOTE    FCB    PRESIDENT. 


1888. 


States. 

Alabama 

Arkansas  

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa. 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland , 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire.. 

New  Jersey..  

New  York 

North  Carolina.... 

Ohio..o 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina..... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 


Cleveland. 
Dem. 

117,320 

85,962 

117,729 

37,567 

74,920 

16,414 

39,561 

100,499 

348,278 

261,013 

179,887 

103,744 

183,800 

85,032 

50,481 

106,168 

151,855 

213,459 

104,385 

85,471 

261,974 

80,552 

5,362 

43,456 

151,493 

635,757 

147,902 

396,455 

26,522 

446,633 

17,530 

65,825 

158,779 

534,883 

16,788 

151,977 

79,664 

155,232 


Harrison. 

Fisk. 

Streetei. 

Rep. 

Pro. 

U.  Labor. 

56,197 

583 



58,752 

641 

10,613 

124,816 

5,761 

50,774 

2,191 

1,266 

74,584 

4,234 

240 

12,973 

400 

26,657 

423 

40,496 

1,808 

136 

370,473 

21,695 

7,090 

263,361 

9,881 

2,694 

211,598 

3,550 

9,105 

182,934 

6,768 

37,726 

155,134 

5,225 

622 

30,484 

160 

39 

73,734 

2,691 

1,344 

99,986 

4,767 

183,892 

8,701 

236,370 

20,942 

4,542 

142,492 

15,311 

1,094 

30,096  , 

218 

22 

236,257 

4,539 

18,632 

108,425 

9,429 

4,226 

7,229 

41 

45,728 

1,593 

13 

144,344 

7,904 

648,759 

30,231 

626 

134,784 

2,787 

32 

416,054 

24,356 

3,496 

33,291 

1,677 

363 

526,091 

20,947 

3,873 

21,968 

1,250 

18 

13,736 

138,988 

5,969 

48 

88,422 

4,749 

29,459 

45,192 

1,460 

150,438 

1,678 

77,791 

669 

1,064 

176,553 

14,277 

8,552 

Total 5,540,329    5,439,853    249,506      146,935 

Cleveland's  majority  on  popular  vote  over  Harrison  was 
100,476.     Electoral  vote  •  Harriso-  ^83;  Cleveland,  168. 


POPULAR   VOTE   FOR   PRESIDENT. 


241 


1892. 

Harrison.  Cleveland.  '    Bid  well.  Weaver. 

States.  Rep.  Dem.  Pro.  Peo. 

Alabama 9,197  138,138  239  85,181 

Arkansas 46,974  87,752  .        113  11,831 

California 117,618  117,908  8,187  25,226 

Colorado 38,620          1,687  53,584 

Connecticut 77,032  82,395  4,026  809 

Delaware 18,077  18,581  564        

Florida 30,143  570  4,843 

Georgia 48,305  129,386  988  42,939 

Idaho 8,799          219  10,430 

Illinois 399,288  426,281  25,870  22,207 

Indiana 255,615  262,740  13,044  22,198 

Iowa 219,373  196,408  6,322  20,616 

Kansas 157,241          ..: 4,553  163,111 

Kentucky, 135,420  175,424  6,385  23,503 

Louisiana 25,332  87,922  1,232 

Maine 62,878  48,024  3,062  2,045 

Maryland 92,736  113,866  5,877  796 

Massachusetts 202,814  176,813  7,539  3,210 

Michigan 222,708  202,296  20,569  19,79f 

Minnesota 122,736  100,579  14,017  30,398 

Mississippi 1,406  40,237  910  10,256 

Missouri 226,762  268,628  4,298  41,183 

Montana 18,833  17,534  517  7,259 

Nebraska 87,218  24,943  4,902  83,134 

Nevada 2,822  711  85  7,267 

New  Hampshire 45,658  42,081  1,297  293 

New  Jersey 156,080  171,066  8,134  9S5 

New  York 609,459  654,908  38,193  16,430 

North  Carolina 100,346  132,951  2,636  44,732 

North  Dakota 17,486  17,650 

Ohio '     405,187  404,115  26,012  14,852 

Oregon 35,002  14,243  2,281  26,965 

Pennsylvania 516,011  452,264  25,123  8,714 

Rhode  Island 27,069  24,335  1,565  227 

South  Carolina 13,384  54,698  2,410 

South  Dakota 34,888  9,081  26,512 

Tennessee 99,973  136,477  4,856  23,622 

Texas 81,444  239,148  2,165  99,638 

Vermont 37,992  16,325  1,424  43 

Virginia 113,256  163,977  2,798  12,274 

Washington 36,470  29,844  2,553  19,105 

West  Virginia 80,285  83,484  2,130  4,165 

Wisconsin 170,761  177,436  13,132  .9,909 

Wyoming 8,376          526  526 

Total 5,186,931  5,553,142  268,361   1,030,128 

Percent. 42.93  45.96  2.22  8.52 

Total  vote,  12,081 ,316.     Cleveland's  majority  on  popular  vote  over 
Harrison  was  366,211.     All  over  Cleveland,  932,278. 
16 


242      POPULAR  YOTE  FOR  PRESIDENT. 

1896. 

States.             •  McKinley.  Bryan.  Palmer.  Leveringc 

Alabama 54,737  131,219  6,464  2,147 

Arkansas 37,512  110,103  893  889 

California 146,588  144,166      2,573 

ColQrado 26,271  161,269      1,717 

Connecticut 110,297  56,740  4,336  1,806 

Delaware 20,452  16,615  956  602 

Florida 11,389  32,213  1,778  868 

Georgia 20,191  94,232  2,708      

Idaho 6,324  23,192      181 

Illinois 607,130  466,703  6,390  9.796 

Indiana 323,719  305,771  2,146  3,056 

Iowa 289,293  223,741  4,519  3,192 

Kansas 158.541  171,810  1,209  2,351 

Kentucky 218,171  217,890  5,114  4,781 

Louisiana 22,012  77,096  1,810      

Maine ...  80,421  34.504  1,864  1,571 

Maryland 136,978  104,745  2,507  5,928 

Ma^sacnusetts: 279,976  105,711  11,749  2,998 

Michigan 293,327  237,251  6.930  4,968 

Minnesota 193,501  139,626  3,202  4,343 

Mississippi 4.730  63,457  1,021  390 

Missouri 304,940  363,652  2,355  3,169 

Montana 10,490  43,680  

Nebraska 101,064  115,999  2,797  1,196 

Nevada 1,939  8,377  

New  Hampshire 57,444  21,650  3,420  776 

New  Jersey 221,367  113,675  6,373  5,614 

New  York 819,838  551.513  18,972  16,075 

North  Carolina 155,222  174,488  578  6a5 

North  Dakota 26,336  20,689      356 

Ohio 527,945  478,547  1,831  5,060 

Oregon 48,711  46,739  974  789 

Pennsylvania 728,300  427,127  11,000  19,274 

Rhode  Island 37,437  14,495  1,166  1,160 

South  Carolina 9,313  58,101  824      

South  Dakota 40,802  40,930      992 

Tennessee 148,773  168,176  1,951  3,098 

Texas 164,886  368,299  5,030  185 

Utah 13,861  67,053      

Vermont 60,991  10,607  1,329  728 

Virginia 135,388  154,985  2,127  2,341 

Washington 39,153  51,616  1,668  968 

West  Virginia 104,414  92,927  677  1,203 

Wisconsin.... 269,135  165,528  4,584  7,509 

Wyoming 10,072  10,855      159 

.  Total 7,107,980  6,509,056  132,056  127,174 

McKinley 's  plurality,  598,924.     The  vote  for  Bryan  and  Sewall 
and  that  for  Bryan  and  Watson  are  combined. 


POPULAR  VOTE  FOR  PRESIDENT. 


243 


1900. 

States.  Bryan. 

Alabama 97,131 

Arkansas 81,142 

California 124,985 

Colorado 122,733 

Connecticut 73,997 

Delaware 18,858 

Florida 28,007 

Georgia    ........  81,700 

Idaho 29,414 

Illinois 503,031 

Indiana 309,584 

Iowa 209,179 

Kansas 162,001 

Kentucky 235,103 

Louisiana 53,671 

Maine 36,822 

Maryland 122,271 

Massachusetts .156,997 

Michigan 211,685 

Minnesota 112,901 

Mississippi 51,706 

Missouri 351,922 

Montana 37,146 

Nebraska 114,013 

Nevada 6,347 

New  Hampshire 35,489 

New  Jersey 164,808 

New  York 678,386 

North  Carolina 157,752 

North  Dakota •        20,519 

Ohio 474,882 

Oregon 33,385 

Pennsylvania 424,232 

Rhode  Island 19,812 

South  Carolina   .....  47,236 

South  Dakota  ...'...  39,544 

Tennessee 144,751 

Texas 267,337 

Utah 45,006 

Vermont 12,849 

Virginia 146,080 

Washington 44,833 

West  Virginia    .....  98,807 

Wisconsin 159,285 

Wyoming 10,164 

Total 6,358,133 

Popular  Vote,  McKinley  over  Bryan  .  . 
Electoral  Vote,  McKinley  over  Bryan    . 


McKinley. 

Woolley. 

Debs. 

55,512 

2,762 

44,800  ■ 

584 

164,755 

5,024 

7,'55'4 

93,072 

3,790 

654 

102,567 

1,617 

1,029 

22,529 

538 

57 

7,314 

1,039 

601 

35,035 

1,396 

.  .  . 

26,997 

857 

.  .  . 

597,985 

17,623 

9,687 

336,063 

13,718 

2,374 

307,785 

9,479 

2,778 

185,955 

3,605 

1,605 

227,128 

3,780 

646 

14,233 

.  .  . 

.  .  . 

65,435 

2,585 

878 

136,212 

4,582 

908 

238,866 

6,202 

9,607 

316,269 

11,859 

2,826 

190,461 

8,555 

3,065 

5,753 

.  ,  . 

.  .  . 

314,092 

5,965 

6,139 

25,373 

298 

708 

121,835 

3,655 

823 

3,849 

.  .  . 

... 

54,803 

1,270 

790 

221,707 

7,183 

4,609 

821,992 

22,043 

12,869 

133,081 

1,006 

.  .  . 

35,891 

731 

518 

543,918 

10,203 

4,847 

46,526 

2,536 

1,466 

712,665 

27,908 

4,831 

33,784 

1,529 

.  .  . 

3,597 

.  .  . 

54,530 

1,542 

176 

121,194 

3,900 

410 

121,173 

2,644 

1,841 

47,139 

209 

720 

42,568 

368 

.  .  . 

115,865 

2,150 

.  .  '. 

57,456 

2,363 

2,006 

119,829 

1,692 

268 

265,866 

10,124 

524 

14,482 

.  .  . 

.  .  . 

7,207,923     208,914       87,814 


849,790 
137 


Appendix  D. 


THE  PRESIDENTS  AND  THEIR 
CABINETS. 

The  Postmaster-General  was  not  recognized  as  a 
cabinet  officer  until  1829.  Those  preceding  thia 
date  are,  however,  included  in  the  cabinets  to  show 
when  they  were  appointed. 

First  Administration-^  Washington,  1 7 89- 1 793 . 

President,  George  Washington,  of  Virginia;  Yicet 
President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia ;  Secit-e^ 
tary  of  the  Treasury,  Alex.  Hamilton,  of  New  York; 
Secretary  of  War.  Henry  Knox,  of  Massachusetts*, 
Attorney-General,  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia; 
Postmaster  General,  Timothy  Pickering  of  Mass- 
achusetts. 

Second  Administration —  Washington^  1 793- 1 797. 

President,  George  Washington,  of  Virginia;  Vice-* 
President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts ;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  to 
January,  1794,  Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  to 
December,  1795,  Timothy  Pickering,  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Alexander 
244 


APPENDIX  D.  245 

Hamilton,  of  New  York,  to  February,  1795,  Olivei 
Wolcott,  of  Connecticut;  Secretary  of  War,  Henry 
Knox,  of  Massachusetts,  to  January,  1795,  Timothy 
Pickering,  of  Massachusetts,  to  January,  1796, 
James  McHenry,  of  Maryland;  Attorney-General, 
Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  to  January,  1794, 
William  Bradford,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  December, 
1795,  Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia;  Postmaster-General, 
Joseph  Habersham,  of  Georgia. 

Third  Administration — Adams,  1 797- 1 80 1 . 

President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts ;  Vice^ 
president,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia;  Secretary 
Df  State,  Timothy  Pickering,  of  Massachusetts,  to 
May,  1800,  John  Marshall,  of  Virginia ;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  Oliver  Wolcott,  of  Massachusetts^ 
to  Japuar}',  1801 ;  Secretary  of  War,  James  Mc- 
Henry, of  Maryland,  to  May,  1800,  Roger  Gris- 
wold,  of  Connecticut;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
George  Cabot,  of  Massachusetts,  to  March,  1798,. 
Benj.  Stoddert,  of  Maryland ;  Attorney-General, 
Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia,  to  February,  1801,  Theoc 
Parsons,  of  Massachusetts;  Postmaster-General^ 
Gideon  Granger,  of  Connecticut. 

Fourth  Administration — Jefferson,  1 80 1  - 1 805 . 

President,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia ;  Vice 
President,  Aaron  Burr,  of  New  York;  Secretary 
of  State,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia;  Secretary" 
of  the  Treasury,  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania ; 


246  APPENDIX   D. 

Secretary  of  War,  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Kobert  Smith, 
of  Maryland ;  Attorney-General,  Levi  Lincoln,  of 
Massachusetts. 

Fifth  Administration — Jefferson^  1 805-1 809. 

President,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia ;  Vice- 
President,  George  Clinton,  of  New  York ;  Secretary 
of  State,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia ;  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania; 
Secretary  of  War,  Henry  Dearborn,  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Jacob  Crownin- 
shield,  of  Massachusetts ;  Attorney-General,  Kobert 
Smith,  of  Maryland,  to  August,  1805,  John  Breck- 
inridge, of  Kentucky,  to  January,  1807,  Caesar  A. 
Rodney,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Sixth  Administration — Madison^  1 809- 1 8 1 3. 

President,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia;  Vice- 
President,  George  Clinton,  of  New  York ;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  to  April, 
1811,  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia;  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania ;  Secre- 
tary of  War,  William  Eustis,  of  Massachusetts,  to 
January,  1813,  John  Armstrong,  of  New  York ; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Paul  Hamilton,  of  South 
Carolina,  to  Januarj^,  1813,  William  Jones,  of 
Pennsylvania ;  Attorney-General,  Caesar  A.  Rod- 
ney, of  Pennsylvania,  to  December,  1811,  William 
Pinckney,  of  Maryland. 


APPENDIX   D.  247 

Seventh  Administration — Madison^  1 8 1 3- 1 8 1 7. 

President,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia;  Yice- 
President,  Elbridge  Gerry,  of  Massachusetts ;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia ;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania, 
to  February,  1814,  George  W.  Campbell,  of  Ten- 
nessee, to  October,*  1814,  Alex.  James  Dallas,  of 
Pennsylvania,  to  October,  1816,  William  H.  Craw- 
ford, of  Georgia;  Secretary  of  War,  James  Monroe, 
to  August,  1815,  William  H.  Crawford,  of  Georgia; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  William  P.  Jones,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, to  December,  1814,  B.  W.  Crowninshield, 
of  Massachusetts;  Attorney -General,  William 
Pinckney,  of  Maryland,  to  February,  1814,  Eichard 
Rush,  of  Pennsylvania ;  Postmaster-General,  Return 
J.  Meigs,  of  Ohio. 

Eighth  Administration — Monroe,  1 8 1 7- 1 82 1 . 

President,  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia;  Vice- 
President,  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  New  York; 
Secretary  of  State,  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  William  H. 
Crawford,  of  Georgia;  Secretary  of  War,  Isaac 
Shelby,  of  Kentucky,  to  April,  1817,  George 
Graham,  of  Virginia,  to  October,  1817,  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, of  South  Carolina;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
B.  W.  Crowninshield,  of  Massachusetts,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1818,  Smith  Thompson,  of  New  York;  Attor- 
ney-General, Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  t<^ 
November^  1817,  Wm.  Wirt,  of  Virginia. 


248  APPENDIX   D. 

Ninth  Administration — Monroe ^  1 8  2 1  - 1 8  2  5 . 

President,  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia;  Vice- 
President^  Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  New  York; 
Secretary  of  State,  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massa- 
chusetts; Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  William  H. 
Crawford,  of  Georgia ;  Secretary  of  War,  John  C^ 
Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
Smith  Thompson,  of  New  York,  to  September, 
1823,  Samuel  L.  Southard,  of  New  Jersey ;  Attor- 
ney-General, William  Wirt,  of  Virginia;  Post- 
master-General, John  McLean,  of  Ohio. 

Tenth  Administration — jf.  Q.  Adams,  1 825-1 829. 

President,  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts^ 
Vice-President,  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina; 
Secretary  of  State,  Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky; 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Eichard  Rush,  of  Penn* 
sylvania;  Secretary  of  War,  James  Barbour,  of 
Virginia,  to  May,  1828,  Peter  B.  Porter,  of  New 
York ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Samuel  L.  Southard, 
of  New  Jersey ;  Attorney-General,  William  Wirt, 
of  Virginia. 

Eleventh  Administration — Jackson,  1 829-1 833. 
President,  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee ;  Vice- 
President,  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina; 
Secretary  of  State,  Martin  Van  Buren,  to  May, 
1831,  Edward  Livingston,  of  Louisiana;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  Samuel  D.  Ingham,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  August,  1831,  Louis  McLane,  of  Dela- 


APPENDIX  D.  249 

ware ;  Secretary  of  War,  John  H.  Eaton,  of  Ten- 
nessee, to  August,  1831,  Lewis  Cass,  of  Ohio; 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  John  Branch,  of  North 
Carolina,  to  May,  1831,  Levi  Woodbury,  of  New 
Hampshire;  Attorney-General,  John  M.  Berrien, 
of  Georgia,  to  July,  1831,  Roger  B.  Taney,  of 
Maryland ;  Postmaster-General,  William  T.  Barry, 
of  Kentucky. 

Twelfth  Administration — yackson^  1 833-1 837. 

President,  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee ;  Vice« 
President,  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York ;  Sec- 
retary of  State,  Louis  McLane,  of  Delaware,  to 
June,  1834 ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  William 
J.  Duane,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  September,  1833, 
Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  to  June,  1834,  Levi 
Woodbury,  of  New  Hampshire ;  Secretary  of  War, 
Lewis  Cass,  of  Ohio ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Louis 
Woodbury,  of  New  Hampshire,  to  June,  1834, 
Mahlon  Dickerson,  "of  New  Jersey;  Postmaster- 
General,  William  T.  Barry,  of  Kentucky,  to  May, 
1835,  Amos  Kendall,  of  Kentucky;  Attorney- 
General,  Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  to  Novem- 
ber, 1833,  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York. 

Thirteenth  Achninistration — Van  Buren ^  1 837-1 841. 

President,  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York; 
Vice-President,  Richard  M.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky ; 
Secretary  of  State,  John  Forsyth,  of  Georgia; 
Secretary   of  the   Treasury,  Levi  Woodbury,  of 


250  APPENDIX   D. 

New  Hampshire ;  Secretary  of  War,  Benjamin  F. 
Butler,  of  New  York,  to  March,  1837,  Joel  K. 
Poinsett,  of  South  Carolina;  Secretary  of  the 
Navy,  Mahlon  Dickerson,  of  New  Jersey,  to  June, 
1838,  James  K.  Paulding,  of  New  Jersey;  Post- 
master-General, Amos  Kendall,  of  Kentucky,  to 
May,  1840,  John  M.  Niles,  of  Connecticut;  At- 
torney-General, Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York, 
to  July,  1838,  Felix  Grundy,  of  Tennessee,  to 
January,  1840,  Henry  D.  Gilpin,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Fourteenth  Administration — Harrison,   Tyler,   1 841-1845. 

President,  William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio; 
Vice-President,  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia ;  Secretary 
of  State,  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  to 
May,  1843,  Hugh  S.  Legare,  of  South  Carolina,  to 
July,  1843,  Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Virginia,  to  March, 
1844,  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  to 
September,  1841,  John  C.  Spencer,  of  New  York, 
to  June,  1844,  George  M.  Bibb,  of  Kentucky; 
Secretary  of  War,  John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  to 
September,  1841,  John  C.  Spencer,  of  New  York, 
to  March,  1843,  James  M.  Porter,  of  Pennsylvania, 
to  February,  1844,  then  William  Wilkens,  of 
Pennsylvania ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  George  E. 
Badger,  of  North  Carolina,  to  September,  1841, 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Virginia,  to  July,  1843,  Daniel 
Henshaw,  of  Massachusetts,  to  February,  1844, 
Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  of  Virginia,  to  March,  1844, 


APPENDIX   D.  251 

then  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia;  Postmaster- 
General,  Francis  Granger,  of  New  York,  to  Sep- 
tember, 1841,  then  Charles  A.  Wickliffe,  of  Ken- 
tucky; Attorney-General,  John  J.  Crittenden,  of 
Kentucky,  to  September,  1841,  Hugh  S.  Legare, 
of  South  Carolina,  to  July,  1843,  then  John  Nel« 
son,  of  Maryland. 

Fifteenth  Administration — Polk^  1 845 - 1 849. 

President,  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee;  Vice- 
President,  George  M.  Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania; 
Secretary  of  State,  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania; Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Robert  J. 
Walker,  of  Mississippi ;  Secretary  of  War,  William 
L.  Marcy,  of  New  York;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
George  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts,  to  September, 
1846,  then  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia;  Post- 
master-General, Cave  Johnson,  of  Tennessee ;  At- 
torney-General, John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  to 
October,  1846,  Nathan  Clifford,  of  Maine,  to  June, 
1848,  then  Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut. 

Sixteenth  Administration — Taylor^  Fillmore,    1849-1853, 

President,  Zachary  Taylor,  of  Louisiana;  Vice- 
President,  Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York;  Secre- 
tary of  State,  John  M.  Clayton,  of  Delaware,  to 
July,  1850,  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  to 
December,  1852,  then  Edward  Everett,  of  Massa- 
chusetts ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  William  M. 
Meredith,  to  July,  1850,  then  Thomas  Corwin.  of 


252  APPENDIX   D. 

Ohio ;  Secretary  of  War,  George  W.  Crawford,  of 
Georgia,  to  July  20,  1850,  Edward  Bates,  of  Mis- 
souri,  to  July  23,  1850,  Winfield  Scott,  of  Vir- 
ginia, to  August,  1850,  then  Charles  M.  Conrad, 
of  Louisiana ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  William  B. 
Preston,  of  Virginia,  to  July,  1850,  William  A, 
Graham,  of  North  Carolina,  to  July,  1852,  then 
John  P.  Kennedy,  of  Maryland  ;  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  to  July,  1850, 
James  A.  Pierce,  of  Maryland,  to  August,  1850, 
Thomas  M.  T.  McKennan,  of  Pennsylvania,  to 
September,  1850,  then  Alexander  H.  H.  Stuart,  of 
Virginia ;  Postmaster-General,  Jacob  CoUamer,  of 
Vermont,  to  July,  1850,  Nathan  K.  Hall,  of  New 
fork,  to  August,  1852,  then  Samuel  D.  Hubbard, 
of  Connecticut ;  Attorney-General,  Reverdy  John- 
Son,  of  Maryland,  to  July,  1850,  then  John  J 
Crittenden,  of  Kentucky. 

Seventeenth  Administration — Pierce,  1 8  5  3- 1 8  5  7. 

President,  Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire; 
Vice-President,  William  R.  King,  of  Alabama; 
Secretary  of  State,  William  L.  Marcy,  of  New 
York ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  James  Guthrie, 
of  Kentucky ;  Secretary  of  War,  Jefferson  Davis, 
of  Mississippi ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  James  C. 
Dobbin,  of  North  Carolina ;  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, Robert  McClelland,  of  Michigan;  Post- 
master-General, James  Campbell,  of  Pennsylvania; 
A.ttorney-General,  Caleb  Cushing,  of  Massachusetts. 


APPENDIX  D.  253 

Eighteenth  Administration — Biichanmi,  1 8  5  7- 1 86 1 . 

President,  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania', 
Vice-President,  John  C.  Breckinridge,  of  Kentucky; 
Secretary  of  State,  Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  to 
March,  1857,  then  Jeremiah  Black,  of  Pennsylva- 
nia ;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Howell  Cobb,  of 
Georgia,  to  December,  1860,  Phillip  F.  Thomas, 
of  Maryland,  to  January,  1861,  then  John  A.  Dix, 
of  New  York;  Secretary  of  War,  John  B.  Floyd, 
of  Virginia,  to  January,  1861,  then  Joseph  Holt, 
of  Kentucky;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Isaac 
Toucey,  of  Connecticut ;  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
Jacob  Thompson ;  Postmaster-General,  Aaron  V. 
Brown,  of  Tennessee,  to  March,  1859,  Joseph 
Holt,  of  Kentucky,  to  February,  1861,  then  Hora- 
tio King,  of  Maine;  Attorney-General,  Jeremiah 
S-  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  December,  1860,  ther> 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Pennsylvania. 

Nineteenth  Achninistration — Lincoln,  1 86 1 - 1  ^6^ 

President,  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois ;  Vice- 
President,  Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Maine ;  Secretary 
of  State,  William  H.  Seward,  of  New  York ;  Sec- 
retary of  the  Treasury,  Salmon  P.  Chase,  of  Ohio, 
to  July,  1864,  then  William  Pitt  Fessenden,  of 
Maine;  Secretary  of  War,  Simon  Cameron,  of 
Pennsylvania,  to  January,  1862,  then  Edwin  M. 
Stanton,  of  Pennsylvania;  Secretary  of  the  Na.vy, 
Gideon  Welles,  of  Connecticut;  Secretary  of  che 
Interior,  Caleb  B.  Smith,  of  Indiana,  to  Januar^^ 


254  APPENDIX  D. 

1863,  then  John  P.  Usher,  of  Indiana ;  Postmaster- 
General,  Montgomery  Blair,  of  Maryland,  to  Sep- 
tember, 1864,  then  William  Dennison,  of  Ohio; 
Attorney-Geiieral,  Edward  Bates,  of  Missouri,  to 
June,  1863,  T.  J.  Coffey,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  De^ 
cember,'1864,  then  James  Speed,  of  Kentucky. 

Twentieth  Admhiistration — Lincoln^  Johnson ^  1865-1869 

President,  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois;  Vice 
President,  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee;  Secre 
tary  of  State,  William  H.  Seward,  of  New  York; 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Hugh  McCuHoch,  of 
Indiana;  Secretary  of  War,  Edwin  M.  Stanton, 
of  Pennsylvania,  to  August,  1867,  U.  S.  Grant,  of 
Illinois,  to  February,  1868,  Lorenzo  Thomas,  of 
Delaware,  to  May,  1868,  then  John  M.  Schofield^ 
of  Illinois;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Gideon  Welles, 
of  Connecticut;  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  John  P. 
T/sher,  of  Indiana,  to  May,  1865,  James  Harlan, 
of  Iowa,  to  July,  1866,  then  0.  H.  Browning,  of 
Illinois;  Postmaster-General,  William  Dennison, 
of  Ohio,  to  July,  1866,  then  Alexander  W.  Ran- 
dall, of  Wisconsin;  Attorney-General,  James  Speed, 
of  Kentucky,  to  July,  1866,  Henry  Stanberry,  of 
Ohio,  to  July,  1868,  then  William  M.  Evarts,  of 
New  York. 

Twenty-first  Administration —  Grant,  1 869- 1873. 

President,  U.  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois;  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana;  Secretary  of 


APPENDIX   i>.  255 

State,  E.   B.  Washburne,  of  Illinois,   to   March, 

1869^  then  Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  George  S.  Boutwell,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts; Secretary  of  War,  John  A.  Rawlins, 
of  Illinois,  to  September,  1869,  then  William  T. 
Sherman,  of  Ohio,  to  October,  1869,  then  William 
W.  Belknap^  of  Iowa;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
Adolph  E.  Borie,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  June,  1869, 
then  George  M.  Robeson,  of  New  Jersey;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  Jacob  D.  Cox,  of  Ohio,  to  No- 
vember, 1870,  then  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio; 
Postmaster-General,  John  A.  J.  Creswell,  of  Mary- 
land; Attorney-General,  E.  Rockwood  Hoar,  of 
Massachusetts,  to  June,  1870,  Amos  T.  Akerman. 
of  Georgia,  to  December,  1861,  then  George  H, 
Williams^  of  Oregon. 

Twenty-second  Administration —  Grant,   1 87  3- 1 877. 

President,  U.  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois ;  Yice-Presi- 
«^ent,  Henry  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts;  Secretary 
of  State,  Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  William  A.  Richardson,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, to  June,  1874,  Benjamin  F.  Bristow, 
of  Kentucky,  to  June,  1876,  then  Lot  M.  Morrill, 
of  Maine;  Secretary  of  War,  William  W.  Belknap, 
of  Iowa,  to  March,  1876,  Alphonso  Taft,  of  Ohio, 
to  May,  1876,  then  Donald  Cameron,  of  Pennsyl- 
vania; Secretary  of  the  Navy,  George  M.  Robe 
eon,  of  New  Jersey;  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio,  to  October,  1875,  thea 


256  APPENDIX  D. 

Zachariah  Chandler,  of  Michigan;  Postmaster- 
General,  John  A.  J.  Creswell,  of  Maryland,  to 
August,  1874,  Marshall  Jewell,  of  Connecticut,  to 
July,  1876,  then  James  M.  Tyner,  of  Indiana; 
Attorney-General,  George  H.  Williams,  of  Oregon, 
to  April,  1875,  Edward  Pierrepont,  of  New  York, 
to  May,  1876,  then  Alphonso  Taft,  of  Ohio. 

Twenty 'third  Administration — Hayes,  1 87  7- 1 8  8 1 . 

President,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio;  Vice- 
President,  William  A.  Wheeler,  of  New  York; 
Secretary  of  State,  William  M.  Evarts,  of  New 
York;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  John  Sherman, 
*f  Ohio;  Secretary  of  War,  George  W.  McCrary, 
jf  Iowa,  to  December,  1879,  then  Alexander 
Ramsey,  of  Minnesota;  Secretary  of  the  Navy, 
Richard  W.  Thompson,  of  Indiana,  to  January, 
1881,  then  Nathan  Goff,  of  West  Virginia;  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior,  Carl  Schurz,  of  Missouri; 
Postmaster-General,  David  McKey,  of  Tennessee, 
to  August,  1880,  then  Horace  Maynard,  of  Tennes- 
see; Attorney-General,  Charles  Devens,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Twenty-fourth  Administration — Garfield^  Arthur , 
1881-1885. 

President,  James  A.  Garfield,  of  Ohio;  Vice- 
President,  Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New  York ;  Sec- 
retary of  State,  James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine,  to 
September,  1881,  then  Frederick  Frelinghuysen, 


APPENDIX   D.  257 

of  New  Jersey;  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Wit 
liam  Windom,  of  Minnesota,  to  September,  1881, 
then  Charles  Folger,  of  New  York;  Secretary  of 
War,    Robert   Lincoln,   of  Illinois;    Secretary  of 
the    Navy,  William    L.    Hunt,  of    Louisiana,    to 
April,    1882,   then    William    Chandler,   of    New 
Hampshire ;  Secretary  of  the  -  Interior,  Samuel  J 
Kirk  wood,  of  Iowa,  to  April,  1882,  then  Henry  F. 
Teller,  of  Colorado ;  Postmaster-General,  Thomas 
L.  James,  of  New  York,  to  October,  1881,  Timothy 
0.  Howe,    of  Wisconsin,  to  October,  1883,  then 
Walter  Q.  Gresham,  of  Indiana ;  Attorney-General 
Wayne  McVeagh,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  September 
1881,  then  Benjamin  H.  Brewster,  of  PennsyL 
rania. 

Twenty-fifth  Administration — Cleveland,  Hendricks, 
i88s-i888. 

President,  Grover  Cleveland,  of  New  York;  (the 
Vice-Presidency  is  vacant,  by  reason  of  the  death 
of  Mr.  Hendricks;)  Secretary  of  State,  Thomas 
Francis  Bayard,  of  Delaware ;  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  Charles  S.  Fairchild,  of  New  York ;  Sec- 
retary of  War,  William  C.  Endicott,  of  Massachu- 
setts; Postmaster-General,  William  F.  Vilas,  of 
Wisconsin;  Attorney-General,  Augustus  H.  Gar- 
land, of  Arkansas ;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  William 
C.  Whitney,  of  New  York;  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of  Mississippi.  Mr. 
Fairchild  succeeded  Daniel  H.  Manning  as  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury.  Don.  M.  Dickinson,  of  Mich- 
igan, succeeded  Mr.  Vilas  as  Postmaster-General. 
Mr.  Vilas  succeeded  Mr.  Lamar  as  Secretary  of  the 
Interior.  Mr.  Lamar  was  elevated  to  the  Supreme 
Court.         Yj 


258  AI^PENDIX   D. 


Twenty-sixth   Administration — Harrison ^  Morton, 
1889-1893: 

President,  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indiana;  Vice- 
President,  Levi  P.  Morton,  New  York ;  Secretary 
of  State,  James  G.  Blaine,  Maine;  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury,  William  Windom,  Minnesota  (de- 
ceased), succeeded  by  Charles  Foster,  Ohio;  Sec- 
retary of  War,  Redfield  Proctor,  Vermont  (re- 
signed), succeeded  by  Stephen  B.  Elkins,  West 
Virginia;  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Benjamin  F. 
Tracy,  New  York;  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
John  W.  Noble,  Missouri;  Postmaster-General, 
John  Wanamaker,  Pennsylvania;  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  Jeremiah  M.  Rusk,  Wisconsin; 
Attorney-General,  William  H.  H.  Miller.  In* 
diana. 

Twenty-seventh  Administration — Cleveland,  Stevenson, 
1893-1897. 

President,  Grover  Cleveland,  New  York ;  Vice- 
President,  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  Illinois ;  Secretary 
of  State,  Richard  Olney,  Massachusetts ;  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury,  John  G.  Carlisle,  Kentucky;  Sec- 
retary of  War,  Daniel  S.  Lamont,  New  York ;  At- 
torney-General, Judson  Harmon,  Ohio ;  Postmaster- 
General,  William  L.  Wilson,  West  Virginia ;  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy,  Hilary  A.  Herbert,  Alabama; 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Hoke  Smith,  Georgia; 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  J.  Sterling  Morton,  Ne- 
braska- 


APPENDIX  D. 

Twenty -eighth  Administration — McKinley  and  Hobart, 
189t-1901. 

President,  William  McKinley,  of  Ohio ;  Vice- 
President,  Garrett  A.  Hobart,  of  New  Jersey  ;  Sec- 
retary of  State,  John  Sherman,  of  Ohio,  succeeded 
by  William  R.  Day,  of  Ohio,  who  was  succeeded 
by  John  Hay,  of  Illinois ;  Secretary  of  the  Trea- 
sury, Lyman  J.  Gage,  of  Illinois ;  Secretary  of 
War,  Hussell  A.  Alger,  of  Michigan,  succeeded  by 
Elihu  Root,  of  New  York;  Attorney-General, 
Joseph  McKenna,  of  California,  succeeded  by 
John  W.  Griggs,  of  New  Jersey ;  Postmaster-Gen- 
eral, James  A.  Gary,  of  Maryland,  succeeded  by 
Charles  Emory  Smith,  of  Pennsylvania ;  Secretary 
of  the  Navy,  John  D.  Long,  of  Massachusetts ; 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  of 
New  York,  succeeded  by  Ethan  Allen  Hitchcock, 
of  Missouri ;  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  James  Wil- 
son, of  Iowa. 

Twenty-ninth  Administration —  Theodore  Roosevelty 
1901-1905. 

President,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  of  New  York; 
Secretary  of  State,  John  Hay,  of  Ohio;  Secretary  of 
the  Treasuiy,  LesHe  M.  Shaw,  of  Iowa;  Secretary 
of  War,  WilHam  B.  Taft,  of  Ohio;  Attorney- 
General,  William  H.  Moody,  of  Massachusetts ; 
Postmaster-General,  Henry  C.  Payne,  of  Wiscon- 
sin; Secretary  of  the  Navy,  Paul  Morton,  of  Illi- 
nois ;  Secretary  of  Interior,  Ethan  A.  Hitchcock, 
of  Missouri;  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  John 
Wilson,  of  Iowa;  Secretary  of  Commerce  and 
Labor,  Victor  H.  Metcalf,  of  California. 


Appendix  E. 
THE  PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION. 


The  Presidential  Election  will  take  place  on 
Tuesday,  November  8,  1904.  The  Constitution 
prescribes  that  each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such 
manner  as  the  Legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a 
number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of 
Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State 
may  be  entitled  in  Congress.  For  the  election  this 
year,  the  electors  by  States  will  be  as  follows : 


States.  Electoral  Votes. 

Alabama 11 

Arkansas 9 

California 10 

Colorado 5 

Connecticut 7 

Delaware 3 

Florida 5 

Georgia 13 

Idaho    .........  3 

Illinois 27 

Indiana 15 

Iowa 13 

Kansas 10 

Kentucky 13 

Louisiana -    .  0 

Maine 6 

Maryland 8 

Massachusetts 16 

Michigan 14 

Minnesota 11 

Mississippi 10 

Missouri 18 

Montana 3 

Nebraska 8 


States.  Electoral  Votes. 

Nevada. 3 

New  Hampshire 4 

New  Jersey 12 

New  York 39 

North  Carolina 12 

North  Dakota 4 

Ohio 23 

Oregon 4 

Pennsylvania 34 

Rhode  Island 4 

South  Carolina 9 

South  Dakota 4 

Tennessee 12 

Texas 18 

Utah 3 

Vermont 4 

Virginia 12 

Washington 5 

West  Virginia 7 

Wisconsin    .    .* 13 

Wyoming 3 


Total 476 


Necessary  to  a  choice,  239. 


APPENDIX   E.  261 

No  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding 
an  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  the  United  States, 
shall  be  an  elector.      In  all  the  States,  the  laws 
thereof  direct  that  the  people  shall  choose  the  eleO' 
tors.     The  Constitution  requires  that  the  day  when 
electors  are  chosen  shall  be  the  same  throughout 
the  United  States.    The  electors  shall  meet  in  their 
respective  States  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  Decem- 
ber, and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent, one  of  whom  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhab^ 
itant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves.      They 
shall  name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 
President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted 
for  as  Vice-President;  and  they  shall  make  dis- 
tinct lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and 
of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of 
the  number  of  votes  for  each;  which  lists  they 
shall   sign  and    certify  and  transmit,  sealed,  U 
Washington,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Sen 
ate,  before  the  first  Wednesday  in  January.     On 
the  second  Wednesday  in  February,  the  President 
0    the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certifi- 
cates, and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.     The 
person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  Presi- 
dent shall  be  the  President,  if  such  ;i umber  shall  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed; 
and  if  no  person  have  such  a  majority,  then  from 
the  persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  ex- 
ceeding three,  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as 


262 


APPENDIX  B. 


President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
choose,  immediately,  by  ballot,  the  President.  But 
in  choosing  the  President,  the  vote  shall  be  taken 
by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State 
having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall 
consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall 
be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of 
Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  President  when- 
ever the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them, 
before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as 
in  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disa- 
bility. The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  as  Vice-President  shall  be  the  Vice-President, 
if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on 
the  list  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President; 
a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two-thirds 
of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority 
of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
No  person,  except  a  natural-born  citizen  or  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  President;  neither  shall  any  person  be 
eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years  The  qualifications 
for  Vice-President  are  the  same. 


Appendix  F. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
OF  AMERICA. 

We  the  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to 
form  a  more  perfect  Union,  establish  justice,  in- 
sure domestic  Tranquility,  provide  for  the  com^ 
mon  defence,  promote  the  general  Welfare,  and 
secure  the  Blessings  of  Liberty  to  ourselves  and 
our  Posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this 
Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America. 

Aeticle  I. 

Section  1.  All  legislative  Powers  herein  granted 
shall  be  vested  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 

Sec.  2.  1  The"  House  of  Representatives  shall 
be  composed  of  Members  chosen  every  second  year 
by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the  Elec- 
tors in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications 
requisite  for  Electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch 
of  the  State  Legislature. 

2  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall 
not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-five  years 
and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  United  States, 
and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant 
of  that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

263 


264  APPENDIJ^ 

3  Representatives  and  direct  Taxes  shall  be  ap 
portioned  among  the  several  States  which  may  be 
included  within  th^.s  Union,  according  to  their  re- 
spective numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by 
adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  includ- 
ing those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and 
excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other 
persons.  The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made 
within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every 
subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as 
they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  Number  of  Repre- 
sentatives shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  30,000, 
but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one  Represen- 
tative ;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made, 
the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  ta 
choose  three;  Massachusetts,  eight;  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantation,  one ;  Connecticut,  five, 
New  York,  six ;  New  Jersey,  four ;  Pennsylvania, 
eight ;  Delaware,  one ;  Maryland,  six ;  Virginia, 
ten;  North  Carolina,  five;  South  Carolina,  five; 
and  Georgia,  three. 

4  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  Representation 
from  any  State,  the  executive  authority  thereof 
shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

5  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose 
their  Speaker  and  other  officers ;  and  shall  have 
the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

Sec.  3.  1  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  composed  of  two   senators   from   each    Stat«, 


APPENDIX  265 

chosen  by  the  legislature  thereof,  for  six  years  \ 
and  each  senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in 
consequence  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be 
divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes. 
The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be 
vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of 
the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year, 
and  of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth 
year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  second 
year ;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or 
otherwise,  during  the  recess  of  the  legislature  of 
any  State,  the  executive  thereof  may  make 
temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of 
the  legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been 
nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  .elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that 
State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4  The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote, 
unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

5  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and 
also  a  President  pro-tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the 
Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office 
of  President  of  the  United  States. 

6  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try 
all  impeachments.  When  sitting  for  that  purpose, 
they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.     When  the 


266  APPENDIX 

President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  chief 
justice  shall  preside :  And  no  person  shall  be  con- 
yicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
inembers  present. 

7  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not 
\jxtend  further  than  to  removal  from  office,  and  dis- 
qualification to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor, 
trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the 
party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  and 
subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punish- 
ment, according  to  law. 

Sec.  4.  1  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  hold' 
ing  elections  for  Senators  and  Representatives  shall 
be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  legislature 
thereof;  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law 
make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  the 
places  tjf  choosing  senators. 

2  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in 
every  year,  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first 
Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law 
appoint  a  diffi^rent  day. 

Sec,  5.  1  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of 
the  election,  returns  and  qualifications  of  its  own 
members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  to  do  business  ;  but  a  smaller  number  may 
adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized 
to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in 
such  manner,  and  under  such  penalties  as  each 
House  may  provide. 

2  Each  House   may  determine  the  rules  of  ite 


APPENDIX  267 

proceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly 
behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds, 
expel  a  member. 

3  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  pro- 
ceedings, and  from  time  to  time  publish  the  same, 
excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require 
secrecy ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of 
either  Plouse  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of 
one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4  Neither  House  during  the  session  of  Congress, 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for 
more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than 
that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sec.  6.  1  The  senators  and  representatives  shall 
receive  a  compensation  for  their  services,  to  be 
ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of 
the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except 
treason,  felony  and  breach  of  peace,  be  privileged 
from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  oi 
their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  return- 
ing from  the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in 
either  House  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any 
other  place. 

2  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the 
time  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any 
civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United  States. 
which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments 
whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such 
time ;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the 
United  States,  shall  be  a  member  of  either  House 
durins:  his  continuance  in  office. 


268  APPENDIX 

Sec.  7.  1  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall 
originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives ;  but  the 
Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments 
as  on  other  bills. 

2  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House 
of  Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it 
becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States;  if  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but 
if  not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  that 
House  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 
ghall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal 
and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If  after  such  recon- 
sideration two-thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to 
pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together  with  the 
objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall 
likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two- 
thirds  of  that  House,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But 
in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Houses  shall  be 
determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of 
the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be 
entered  on  the  journal  of  each  House  respectively. 
If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall 
have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law, 
in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the 
Congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its  return, 
in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3  Every  order,  resolution  or  vote  to  which  the 
concurrence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives may  be  necessary  (except  a  question  of 


APPENDIX  •  269 

adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States;  and  before  the  same  shall 
take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  dis- 
approved by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in 
the  case  of  a  bill. 

Sec.  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  power 

1  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts  and 
excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  com- 
mon defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  United 
States ;  but  all  duties,  imposts  and  excises  shall  be 
uniform  throughout  the  United  States. 

2  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States ; 

3  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations, 
and  among  the  several  States,  and  with  the  Indian 
tribes ; 

4  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalisation, 
and  uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies 
throughout  the  United  States ; 

5  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof, 
and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights- 
and  measures ; 

6  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeit- 
ing the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United 
States ; 

7  To  establish  post-ofiices  and  post-roads ; 

8  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful 
aits,  by  securing  for  limited  times  to  authors  and 


270  APPENDIX 

inventors  the  eylusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries ; 

9  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme 
Court ; 

10  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies 
committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  against 
the  law  of  nations ; 

11  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and 
reprisal,  and  make  rules  concerning  captures  on 
land  and  water; 

12  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appro- 
priation  of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longei 
term  than  two  years ; 

13  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy ; 

14  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regu- 
lation of  the  land  and  naval  forces; 

15  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to 
execute  the  laws  of  the  Union,  suppress  insurrec- 
tions and  repel  invasions ; 

16  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  dis- 
ciplining the  militia,  and  for  governing  such  part 
of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively, 
the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority 
of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline 
prescribed  by  Congress ; 

17  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases 
whatsoever,  over  such  district  (not  exceeding  ten 
miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular 
States,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the 


APPENDIX  271 

Beat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  and 
to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased 
by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in 
which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts, 
magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  needful 
buildings;  and 

18  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary 
and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution  the  fore- 
going powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this 
Constitution,  in  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

Sec.  9.  1  The  migration  or  importation  of  such 
persons  as  any  of  the  States  now  existing  shall 
think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by 
the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  im- 
posed on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dol- 
lars for  each  person. 

2  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall 
not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion 
or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

3  No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall 
be  passed. 

4  No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax,  shall  be 
laid,  unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumera- 
tion herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

5  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  ex 
ported  from  any  State. 

6  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regula- 
tion of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one 


272  APPENDIX 

State  over  those  of  another ;  nor  shall  vessels  bound 
to,  or  from  one  State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or 
pay  duties  in  another. 

7  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury, 
but  in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law; 
and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  re« 
ceipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall 
be  published  from  time  to  time. 

8  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the 
United  States :  And  no  person  holding  any  office 
ol  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the 
consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolu- 
ment, office  or  title,  of  any  kind  whatever,  from 
any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  State. 

Sec.  10.  1  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty, 
alliance,  or  confederation ;  grant  letters  of  marque 
and  reprisal ;  coin  money ;  emit  l)ills  of  credit ; 
make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender 
in  payment  of  debts ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex 
post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  on  imports  or 
exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary 
for  executing  its  inspection  laws ;  and  the  net  pro- 
duce of  all  duties  and  imposts,  laid  by  any  State 
on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States ;  and  all  such  laws 
shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the 
Congress. 


APPENDIX  273 

3  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Con* 
gress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep  troops,  oif 
ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agree- 
ment or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a 
foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually 
invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not 
admit  of  delay. 

Article  II. 

Sec,  1.  1  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested 
in  a  President  of  the  United  States  of  America. 
Ue  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four 
fears,  and,  together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen 
for  the  same  term,  be  elected,  as  follows : 

2  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as 
the  Legislature  thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of 
electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators 
and  representatives,  to  which  the  State  may  be 
entitled  in  the  Congress  :  but  no  senator  or  repre- 
sentative, or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or 
profit  under  the  United  States  shall  be  appointed 
an  elector. 

[*The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective 
States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  two  persons,  of  whom 
one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same 
State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a 
list  of  all  the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number 
of  votes  for  each ;  which  list  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  govern- 

*  This  clause  within  brackets  has  been  superseded  and  annulled  by  thr 
Dprelfth  amendment. 

18 


274  APPENDIX 

ment  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  Pre^l 
dent  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate 
shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the 
votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having 
the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President, 
if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  there  be  more  than 
one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal 
number  of  votes,  then  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives shall  immediately  choose  by  ballot  one  of 
them  for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a  ma> 
jority,  then  from  the  five  highest  on  the  list  the 
said  House  shall,  in  like  manner,  choose  the  Presi- 
dent. But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes 
shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from 
each  State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  pur 
pose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every 
case,  after  the  choice  of  the  President,  the  person 
having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  elec- 
tors, shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there 
should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  votes, 
the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot,  the 
Vice-President.] 

3  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of 
choosing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they 
«hall  give  their  votes ;  which  day  shall  he  the  sam*' 
^roughout  the  United  States, 


APPENDIX  275 

4  No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a 
citizen  of  the  United  States,  at  the  time  of  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to 
the  office  of  President ;  neither  shall  any  person 
be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years  and  been  fourteen 
years  a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

5  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from 
office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  dis- 
charge the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the 
same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President,  and  the 
Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of 
removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of 
the  President  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what 
officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such  officer 
shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be 
removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

6  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive 
for  his  services,  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither 
be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not 
receive  within  that  period  any  other  emolument 
from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

7  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office, 
he  shall  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation  : 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will 
faithfully  execute  the  office  of  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability, 
preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States." 


276  APPENDIX 

Sec,  2.  1  The  President  shall  be  commanded 
in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States, 
and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when 
called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States; 
he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the 
principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  depart- 
ments, upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power  to 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the 
United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2  He  shall  have  power  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  pro- 
vided two-thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur; 
*nd  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambas- 
sadors, other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges 
\)f  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the 
tJnited  States,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein 
otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  estab- 
lished by  law ;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the 
appointment  of  such  inferior  officers,  as  they  think 
proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law, 
or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

3  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all 
vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the 
Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire 
at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

Sec.  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  tne 
Congress  information  of  the  state  of  the  Union,  and 
recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as 


APPENDIX        '  ^"l^l 

he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient;  he  may, 
on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  Houses, 
or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement 
between  them,  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjourn- 
ment, he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he 
shall  think  proper ;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors 
and  other  public  ministers  ;  he  shall  take  care  that 
the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commis- 
sion all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

8eG.  4.  The  President,  Vice-President  and  all 
civil  officers  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  removed 
from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of, 
treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  mis- 
demeanors. 

Article  III. 

Sec.  1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States 
shall  be  vested  in  one  Supreme  Cburt,  and  in  sucil 
inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to 
time  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the 
supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their  offices 
during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times, 
receive  for  their  service  a  compensation,  which 
shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance 
in  office. 

Sec.  2.  1  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all 
cases,  in  law  and  equity,  arising  under  this  Consti> 
tution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States  and  treaties 
made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority; 
to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  min- 


278  APPENDIX 

isters  and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and 
maritime  jurisdiction ;  to  controversies  to  which 
the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  to  controver- 
sies between  two  or  more  States ;  between  a  State 
and  ci-tizens  of  another  State,  between  citizens  of 
different  States,  between  citizens  of  the  same  State 
claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States,  and 
between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign 
States,  citizens  or  subjects. 

2  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public 
ministers  and  consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State 
shall  be  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  original 
jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned, 
the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction, 
both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions,  and 
ander  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  im- 
peachment, shall  be  by  jury;  and  such  trial  shall 
be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall 
have  been  committed;  but  when  not  committed 
within  any  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or 
places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

Sec.  3.  1  Treason  against  the  United  States 
shall  consist  only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or 
in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and 
comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason 
unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the 
same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

2  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the 
punishment  of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason 


APPENDIX  279 

shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture  except 
during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

Article   IY. 

Sec.  1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in 
each  State  to  the  public  acts,  records,  and  judicial 
proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Con- 
gress may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner 
in  which  such  acts,  records  and  proceedings  shall 
be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sec.  2.  1  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be 
entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens 
in  the  several  States. 

2  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason, 
felony,  or  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice, 
and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall  on  demand  of 
the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which 
he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the 
State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one 
State,  under  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  an- 
other, shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regula- 
tion therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or 
labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the 
party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

Sec.  3.  1  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the 
Congress  into  this  Union;  but  no  new  State  shall 
be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any 
other  State ;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  two  or  more  States,  or  parts  of  States,  with- 


280  APPENDIX 

out  the  consent  of  the  legislatures  of  the  States 
concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of 
and  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  respect- 
ing the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to 
the  United  States ;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitu- 
tion shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any  claims 
of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

Sec.  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to 
every  State  in  this  Union  a  Republican  form  of 
government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against 
invasion,  and  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or 
of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature  cannot  be 
convened)  against  domestic  violence. 

Article  V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both 
Houses  shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall  propose 
amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  appli- 
cation of  the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  sev- 
eral States,  shall  call  a  Convention  for  proposing 
amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Consti- 
tution, when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three- 
fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by  Conventions  in 
three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode 
of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress; 
Provided  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made 
prior  to  the  year  1808  shall  in  any  manner  affect 
the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of 


APPENDIX  '  281 

the  first  article;  and  that  no  State,  without  its 
^nsent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in 
the  Senate. 

Article  TI. 

1  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered 
into,  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall 
be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this 
Constitution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof; 
and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be 
the  supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the  Judges  in 
every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  ir 
the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  con* 
trary  notwithstanding. 

3  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  men- 
tioned,  and  the  members  of  the  several  State  Legis- 
latures, and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both 
of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall 
be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation,  to  support  this 
Constitution;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be 
required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or  public 
trust  under  the  United  States. 

Article  VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  Conventions  of  nine 
States  shall  be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of 
this  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying 
the  same. 


282  APPENDIX 

Done  in  Convention  b}'  the  unanimous  consent 
of  the  States  present  the  17th  day  of  Septem- 
ber in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1787,  and  of  the 
Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America 
the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof  we  have 
hereunto  subscribed  our  names, 

Geo.  Washington, 
President  and  deputy  from  Virginia. 

New  Hampshire. 
John  Langdon,  Niciiolas  Oilman. 

Massachusetts, 
Nathaniel  Gorham^     Rufus  King, 

Connecticut. 
Wir  ^aml.  Johnson,  Roger  Shermsn. 

New  York. 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

New  Jersey. 
Wil.  Livingston,  David  Brearley, 

William  Paterson,       Jonathan  Dayton 

F^nnsylvania . 
B.  FrankUn,  Thomas  Mifflin, 

Robert  Morris,  George  Clymer, 

Thomas  Fitzsimons,    Jared  Ingersoll, 
James  Wilson,      •        Gouverneur  Morris. 

Delaware. 
George  Read,  Gunning  Bedford,  Jun'a 

John  Dickinson,      Richard  Bassett. 
Jacob  Broom, 


APPENDIX  283 

Maryland. 
James  M'Henry,      Dan.  of  St.  Thos.  Jenifer, 
Daniel  Carroll, 

Virginia. 

John  Blair^  James  Madison,  Jr. 

North  Carolina. 
William  Blount,      Richard  Dobbs  Spaight. 
Hugh  Williamson, 

&utli  Carolina. 
J.  Rutledge,  Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney., 

Charles  Pincknej,  Pierce  Butler. 

Georgia. 
William  Few,  Abr.  Baldwin. 

Attest :  William  Jackson,  Secretary 


Articles  in  A2)Dition  to,  and  Amendment  of  the 

CONSTITUQCTON  OF  THE  UnITED  StATES  OF  AMERICA. 

Proposed  by  Congress  and  ratified  by  the  Legisla- 
tures of  the  several  States,  pursuant  to  the  fifth 
article  of  the  original  Constitution. 

Article  I. 
Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  estab^ 
lishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise 
thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of 
the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to 
assemble,  and  to  petition  the  government  for  a  re- 
^r*^6  Df  grievances. 


284  APPENDIX 

Article  II. 

A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the 
security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to 
keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

Article  III. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered 

in  any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner, 

nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed 

by  law. 

Article  IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  per- 
sons, houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreason- 
able  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated, 
and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable 
cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particu- 
larly describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the 
person  or  things  to  be  seized. 

• 
Article  V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital, 
or  otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  present* 
ment  or  indictment  of  a  Grand  Jury,  except  in 
cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the 
militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war  or 
public  danger ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for 
the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of 
life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  crimi- 
nal case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be 
deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due 


APPENDIX  285 

|i/ocess  of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taKen 
for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

Article  VI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall 
enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an 
impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein 
the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district 
shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and 
to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  ac- 
cusation; to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses 
against  him  ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtain- 
ing witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance 
of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

Article  VII. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  con 
troversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried 
by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any 
court  of  the  United  States,  than  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  common  law. 

Article  VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  exces- 
sive fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punish- 
ments inflicted. 

Article  IX. 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution,  of  certain 
rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 
others  retained  by  the  people. 


286  APPENDIX 

Article  X. 
The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States 
by  the  Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the 
State,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to 
the  people. 

Article  XI. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not 
be  construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity, 
commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United 
States  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens 
or  subjects  of  any  foreign  State. 

Article  XII. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States 
and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President, 
one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant 
of  the  same  State  with  themselves ;  they  shall 
name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Presi- 
dent, and  in  distinct  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as 
Vice-President,  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists 
of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all 
persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the 
number  of  votes  for  each,  which  list  they  shall 
sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to 
the  President  of  the  Senate  ;  the  President  of  the 
Senate  shall,  in  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House 
of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and 
the  votes  shall  then  be  counted  ;  the  person  having 
the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  President  shall 


APPENDIX  28T 

r  me  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of 
the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  it 
no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the 
persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding 
three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  President, 
the  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  choose  immedi- 
ately, by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing 
the  President  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States, 
the  representation  from  each  State  having  one 
vote  ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a 
member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States, 
and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary 
to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representative! 
shall  not  choose  a  President  whenever  the  right  of 
choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth 
day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the 
President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number 
of  votes  as  Vice-President  shall  be  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent, if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  electors  appointed,  and  if  no  person 
have  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers 
on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-Presi- 
dent ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary 
to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally  in- 
eligible to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible 
to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  United  States. 


JUDGE  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS 

NOMINATION. 

The  committee  appointed  by  the  National 
Democratic  Convention  to  notify  Alton  B.  Parker 
of  his  nomination  for  the  Presidency  performed 
this  dnty  at  Esopus,  August  lo,  1904.  Judge 
Parker  accepted  the  nomination  in  the  following 
address : 

"i1/r.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Com- 
mittee: I  have  resigned  the  office  of  Chief  Judge 
of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  this  State  in  order 
that  I  may  accept  the  responsibility  that  the 
great  convention  you  represent  has  pat  upon  me 
without  possible  prej  udice  to  the  court  to  which 
I  had  the  honor  to  belong,  or  to  the  eminent 
members  of  the  judiciary  of  this  State,  of  whom 
I  may  now  say,  as  a  citizen,  I  am  justly  proud. 

*'At  the  very  threshold  of  this  response,  and 
before  dealing  with  other  subjects,  I  must,  in 
justice  to  myself  and  to  relieve  my  sense  of 
gratitude,  express  my  profound  appreciation  of 
the  confidence  reposed  in  me  by  the  convention. 

"After  nominating  me  and  subsequently  re- 
ceiving a  communication  declaring  that  I  regard- 
ed the  gold  standard  established,  a  matter  con- 
cerning which  I  felt  it  incumbent  upon  me  to 
make  known  my  attitude,  so  that  hereafter  no 
man  could  justly  say  that  his  support  had  been 
secured  through  indirection  or  mistake,  the  con- 
vention reiterated  the  determination  that  I  should 
be  the  standard  bearer  of  the  party. 

"  This  mark  of  trust  and  confidence  I  shall 
288 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  289 

ever  esteem  as  the  Higliest  honor  that  could  be 
conferred  upon  me — an  honor  that,  whatever 
may  be  the  fate  of  the  campaign,  the  future  can 
in  no  degree  lessen  or  impair. 

^'  The  admirable  platform  upon  which  the  party 
appeals  to  the  country  for  its  confidence  and  sup- 
port clearly  states  the  principles  which  were  so 
well  condensed  in  the  first  inaugural  address  of 
President  Jefferson,  and  points  out  with  force 
and  directness  the  course  to  be  pursued  through 
their  proper  application  in  order  to  insure 
needed  reforms  in  both  the  legislative  and  ad- 
ministrative departments  of  the  Government. 

A  CONSERVATIVE    PLATFORM. 

"  Liberty,  as  understood  in  this  country, 
means  not  only  the  right  of  freedom  from  actual 
servitude,  imprisonment  or  restraint,  but  the 
right  of  one  to  use  his  faculties  in  all  lawful 
ways,  to  live  and  work  where  he  will  and  to  pur- 
sue any  lawful  trade  or  business.  These  essen- 
tial rights  of  life,  liberty  and  property  are  not 
only  guaranteed  to  the  citizen  by  the  Constitu- 
tion of  each  one  of  the  several  States,  but  the 
States  are,  by  the  Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  forbidden  to 
deprive  any  person  of  any  one  of  them  without 
due  process  of  law. 

"  Occasionally,  by  reason  of  unnecessary  or 
impatient  agitation  for  reforms,  or  because  the 
limitations  placed  upon  the  departments  of  Gov- 
ernment by  the  Constitution  are  disregarded  by 
officials  desiring  to  accomplish  that  which  to 
them  seems  good,  whether  the  power  exists  in 
them  or  not,  it  becomes  desirable  to  call  atten- 
19 


290  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION. 

tion  to  the  fact  that  the  people,  in  whom  all 
power  resides,  have  seen  fit,  through  the  medium 
of  the  Constitution,  to  limit  the  governmental 
powers  conferred,  and  to  say  to  departments 
created  by  it,  *  Thus  far  shalt  thou  go,  and  no 
farther.^ 

MISUSE    OF   POWER. 

"  To  secure  the  ends  sought  the  people  have 
by  the  Constitution  separated  and  distributed 
among  the  three  departments  of  government — 
the  executive,  legislative  and  judicial — certain 
powers,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  those  administering 
each  department  so  to  act  as  to  pre^serve,  rather 
than  to  destroy,  the  potency  of  the  co-ordinate 
branches  of  the  government,  and  thus  secure 
the  exercise  of  all  the  powers  conferred  by  the 
people. 

"  Thomas  Jefferson,  in  a  letter  to  William  C. 
Jarvis,  touching  the  perpetuity  of  our  institu- 
tions, written  many  years  after  he  had  retired  to 
private  life,  said : 

^'  ^  If  the  three  powers  of  our  government  main- 
tain their  mutual  independence  of  each  other,  it 
may  last  long,  but  not  so  if  either  can  assume 
the  authority  of  the  other.' 

"  It  must  be  confessed  that  in  the  course  of 
our  history  executives  have  employed  powers 
not  belonging  to  them ;  statutes  have  been 
passed  that  were  expressly  forbidden  by  the 
Constitution,  and  statutes  have  been  set  aside  as 
unconstitutional  when  it  was  difficult  to  point 
out  the  provision  said  to  be  offended  against  in 
their  enactment ;  all  this  has  been  done  with  a 
good  purpose,  no  doubt,  but  in  disregard,  never- 
theless, of  the  fact  that  ours  is  a  government  of 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  291 

laws,  not  of  men,  deriving  its  ^  just  powers  from 
the  consent  of  the  governed.' 

"  If  we  would  have  our  governraent  continue 
during  the  ages  to  come,  for  the  benefit  of  those 
who  shall  succeed  us,  we  must  ever  be  on  our 
guard  against  the  danger  of  usurpation  of  that 
authority  which  resides  in  the  whole  people, 
whether  the  usurpation  be  by  officials  represent- 
ing one  of  the  three  great  departments  of 
government,  or  by  a  body  of  men  acting  without 
a  commission  from  the  people. 

"  Impatience  of  the  restraints  of  law,  as  well 
as  of  its  delays,  is  becoming  more  and  more 
manifest  from  day  to  day.  Within  the  past  few 
years  many  instances  have  been  brought  to  our 
attention,  where  in  different  parts  of  our  beloved 
country  supposed  criminals  have  been  seized 
and  punished  by  a  mob,  notwithstanding  the 
fact  that  the  Constitution  of  each  State  guaran- 
tees to  every  person  within  its  jurisdiction  that 
his  life,  his  liberty  or  his  property  shall  not  be 
taken  from  him  without  due  process  of  law. 

FORCE    VERSUS    LAW. 

*^  In  a  struggle  between  employers  and  em- 
ployes, dynamite  is  said  to  have  been  used  by 
the  later,  resulting  in  the  loss  of  life  and  the 
destruction  of  property.  The  perpetrators  of 
this  offence  against  the  laws  of  God  and  man, 
and  all  others  engaged  in  the  conspiracy  with 
them,  should,  after  due  trial  and  conviction,  have 
had  meted  out  to  them  the  most  rigorous  punish- 
ment known  to  the  law. 

"  This  crime,  added  perhaps  to  others,  led  to 
the  form.ation  of  a  committee  of  citizens  that, 


292  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION. 

with  the  support  of  the  military  authority,  de- 
ports from  the  State,  without  trial,  persons 
suspected  of  belonging  to  the  organization  of 
which  the  perpetrators  of  the  dynamite  outrages 
were  supposed  to  be  members.  In  both  cases 
the  reign  of  law  gave  way  to  the  reign  of  force. 

"  These  illustrations  present  some  evidence  of 
the  failure  of  government  to  protect  the  citizen 
and  his  property,  which  not  only  justified  the 
action  of  your  convention  in  this  regard,  but 
made  it  its  duty  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that 
the  Constitutional  guarantees  are  violated  when- 
ever any  citizen  is  denied  the  right  to  labor,  to 
acquire  and  to  enjoy  property,  or  to  reside  where 
his  interests  or  inclination  may  determine ;  and 
the  fulfillment  of  the  assurance  to  rebuke  and 
punish  all  denials  of  these  rights,  whether 
brought  about  by  individuals  or  government 
agencies,  should  be  enforced  by  every  official 
and  supported  by  every  citizen. 

"  The  essence  of  good  government  lies  in 
strict  observance  of  constitutional  limitations, 
enforcement  of  law  and  order  and  rugged  oppo- 
sition to  all  encroachment  upon  the  sovereignty 
of  the  people. 

"  The  foregoing  suggestions  but  emphasize 
the  distinction  which  exists  between  our  own 
and  many  other  forms  of  government.  It  has 
been  well  said,  in  substance,  that  there  are  but 
two  powers  in  government,  one  the  power  of  the 
sword,  sustained  by  the  hand  that  wields  it,  and 
the  other  the  power  of  the  law,  sustained  by  an 
enlightened  public  sentiment.  The  difierence 
in  these  powers  is  the  difference  between  a 
Republic — such  as   ours,   based   on   law  and  a 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  293 

written  Constitution,  supported  by  intelligence, 
virtue  and  patriotism — and  a  monarch — sustained 
by  force  exerted  by  an  individual,  uncontrolled 
by  laws  other  than  those  made  or  sanctioned  by 
him  ;  one  represents  constitutionalism,  the  other 
imperialism. 

TARIFF   REDUCTION    NEEDED. 

"  The  present  tariff  law  is  unjust  in  its  oper- 
ation, excessive  in  many  of  its  rates  and  so 
framed  in  particular  instances  as  to  exact  inordi- 
nate profits  from  the  people.  So  well  understood 
has  this  view  become  that  many  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  Republican  party,  and  at  least  two 
of  its  State  conventions,  have  dared  to  voice  the 
general  sentiment  on  that  subject. 

"  That  party  seems,  however,  to  be  collectively 
able  to  harmonize  only  upon  a  plank  that  admits 
that  revision  may  from  time  to  time  be  necessary, 
but  it  is  so  phrased  that  it  is  expected  to  be 
satisfactory  to  those  in  favor  of  an  increase  of 
duty,  to  those  who  favor  a  reduction  thereof,  and 
to  those  opposed  to  any  change  whatever. 

"Judged  by  the  record  of  performance,  rather 
than  that  of  promise,  on  the  part  of  that  party 
in  the  past,  it  would  seem  as  if  the  outcome,  in 
the  event  of  its  success,  would  be  to  gratify  the 
latter  class.  With  absolute  control  of  both  the 
Legislative  and  Executive  Departments  of  the 
Government  since  March  4, 1897,  there  has  been 
neither  reduction  nor  attempt  at  reduction  in 
tariff  duties. 

'^  It  is  not  unreasonable  to  assume,  in  the  light 
of  that  record,  that  a  future  Congress  of  that 
party  will  not  undertake  a  revision  of  the  tariff 


294  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION. 

downward  in  tlie  event  that  it  shall  receive  an 
endorsement  of  its  past  course  on  that  subject 
by  the  people.  It  is  a  fact,  and  should  be  frankly 
conceded,  that  though  our  party  be  successful  in 
the  coming  contest,  we  cannot  hope  to  secure  a 
majority  in  the  Senate  during  the  next  four  years, 
and  hence  we  shall  be  unable  to  secure  any 
modification  in  the  tariff  save  that  to  which  the 
Republican  maiority  in  the  Senate  may  consent. 
"  While,  therefore,  we  are  unable  to  give  as- 
surances of  relief  to  the  people  from  such  exces- 
sive duties  as  burden  them,  it  is  due  to  them  that 
we  should  state  our  position  to  be  in  favor  of  a 
reasonable  reduction  of  the  tariff;  that  we  be- 
lieve it  is  demanded  by  the  best  interests  of  both 
manufacturer  and  consumer,  and  that  a  wise  and 
beneficent  revision  of  the  tariff  can  be  accom- 
plished as  soon  as  both  branches  of  Congress 
and  an  executive  in  favor  of  it  are  elected,  without 
creating  that  sense  of  uncertainty  and  un stability 
that  has  on  other  occasions  manifested  itself. 

TRUSTS  FOLLOW  PROTECTION. 

**  This  can  be  achieved  by  providing  that  such 
a  reasonable  period  shall  intervene  between  the 
date  of  the  enactment  of  the  statute  making  a 
revision  and  the  date  of  its  enforcement,  as  shall 
be  deemed  sufficient  for  the  industry  or  business 
affected  by  such  revision  to  adjust  itself  to  the 
changes  and  new  conditions  imposed. 

"  So  confident  am  I  in  the  belief  that  the  de- 
mand of  the  people  for  a  reform  of  the  tariff  is 
just,  that  I  indulge  the  hope  that  should  a  Dem- 
ocratic House  of  Representatives  and  a  Demo- 
cratic Executive  be  chosen  by  the  people,  even  a 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  295 

Republican  Senate  may  heed  the  warning  and 
consent  to  give  at  least  some  measure  of  relief 
to  the  people. 

'^  The  combination  popularly  called  trusts 
which  aim  to  secure  a  monopoly  of  trade  in  the 
necessities  of  life  as  well  as  in  those  things  that 
are  employed  upon  the  farm,  in  the  factory  and 
in  many  other  fields  of  industry,  have  been  en- 
couraged and  stimulated  by  excessive  tariff 
duties.  These  operate  to  furnish  a  substantial 
market  in  the  necessities  of  eighty  millions  of 
people,  by  practically  excluding  competition. 

""  With  so  large  a  market  and  highly  remun- 
erative prices  continuing  long  after  the  line  of 
possible  competition  would  naturally  be  reached, 
the  temptation  of  all  engaged  in  the  same  busi- 
ness to  combine  so  as  to  prevent  competition  at 
home  and  a  resulting  reduction  of  prices,  has 
proved  irresistible  in  a  number  of  cases.  All 
men  must  agree  that  the  net  result  of  enacting 
laws  that  foster  such  inequitable  conditions  is 
most  unfortunate  for  the  people  as  a  whole,  and 
it  would  seem  as  if  all  ought  to  agree  that  the 
effective  remedy  would  be  to  appropriately 
modify  the  offending  law. 

COURTS    NOT  TO    BLAME. 

^'  The  growth  of  monopoly  of  which  complaint 
is  justly  made,  cannot  be  laid  at  the  doors  of  the 
courts  of  this  country.  The  decision  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  the  Courts 
of  Appeals  of  this  State  and  the  courts  of  last 
resort  in  many  other  States,  warrant  the  asser- 
tion that  the  common  law  as  developed  afford  a 
complete  legal  remedy  against  monopolies. 


296  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION. 

^^  The  fact  that  they  have  multiplied  in  number 
and  increased  in  power  has  been  due,  not  to  the 
failure  of  the  courts  to  apply  the  law  when  prop- 
erly moved  by  administrative  ofi&cials  or  private 
individuals,  but  to  the  failure  of  officials  charged 
with  the  duty  of  enforcing  the  laws  to  take 
necessary  procedure  to  procure  the  judgments 
of  the  courts  in  the  appropriate  jurisdiction, 
coupled  v/ith  the  fact  that  the  legislative  depart- 
ments of  some  of  our  State  governments,  as  well  as 
Congress  in  the  manner  already  referred  to,  have, 
by  legislation,  encouraged  their  propagation. 

"  What  is  needed  in  addition  to  the  passage 
of  a  statute  revising  the  tariff  duties  to  a  reason- 
able basis  is  not  so  much  other  and  different 
laws,  as  officials  having  both  the  disposition  and 
the  courage  to  enforce  existing  law.  While 
this  is  my  view  of  the  scope  of  the  common  law, 
if  it  should  be  made  to  appear  that  it  is  a  mis- 
taken one,  then  I  favor  such  further  legislation 
within  constitutional  limitations  as  will  give  the 
people  a  just  and  full  measure  of  protection. 

"  It  is  difficult  to  understand  how  any  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  much  less  a  descendant  of 
Revolutionary  stock,  can  tolerate  the  thought  of 
permanently  denying  the  right  of  self-govern- 
ment to  the  Filipinos.  Can  we  hope  to  instill 
in  the  minds  of  our  descendants  reverence  and 
devotion  for  a  government  by  the  people,  while 
denying  ultimately  that  right  to  the  inhabitants 
of  distant  countries,  whose  territory  we  have 
acquired  either  by  purchase  or  by  force  ? 

^'Can  w^e  say  to  the  Filipinos,  'Your  lives, 
your  liberty  and  your  property  may  be  taken 
from  you    without   due  process  of  law  for  all 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  297 

time,'  and  expect  we  will  long  glory  in  that 
feature  of  Magna  Cliarta,  which  has  become  in- 
corporated in  substance  and  effect,  iuto  the  Con- 
stitution of  every  State,  as  well  as  into  the 
Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States  ? 

PHILIPPINE   AUTONOMY. 

''  Can  we  hope  for  the  respect  of  the  civilized 
world,  while  proudly  guaranteeing  to  every  cit- 
izen of  the  United  States  that  no  law  shall  be 
made  or  enforced  which  shall  abridge  the  privi- 
leges or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  or  deny  to  any  person  the  equal  protec- 
tion of  the  laws,  and  at  the  same  time  not  only 
deny  similar  rights  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
Philippines,  but  take  away  from  them  the  right 
of  trial  by  j  ury ,  and  place  their  lives  and  the  dis- 
position of  their  property  in  the  keeping  of  those 
whom  we  send  to  them  to  be  their  governors. 

"  We  shall  certainly  rue  it  as  a  nation  if  we 
make  any  such  attempt.  Viewing  the  question 
even  from  the  standpoint  of  national  selfishness, 
there  is  no  prospect  that  the  twenty  millions  of 
dollars  expended  in  the  purchase  of  the  islands 
and  the  six  hundred  and  fifty  millions  said  to 
have  been  since  disbursed  will  ever  come  back 
to  us.  The  accident  of  war  brought  the  Philip- 
pines into  our  possession  and  we  are  not  at  liberty 
to  disregard  the  responsibility  which  thus  came 
to  us,  but  that  responsibility  will  be  best  sub- 
served by  preparing  the  islanders,  as  rapidly  as 
possible  for  self  government  and  giving  to  them 
the  assurance  that  it  will  come  as  soon  as  they 
are  reasonably  prepared  for  it. 


298  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION. 

''  There  need  be  no  fear  that  the  assertion  so 
often  made  of  late,  that  we  have  now  become  a 
world  power,  will  then  be  without  support.  Ours 
is  a  world  power,  and  as  such  it  must  be  main- 
tained, but  I  deny  that  it  is  at  all  recently  that 
the  United  States  has  attained  that  eminence. 
Our  country  became  a  world  power  over  a  cen- 
tury ago,  when,  having  thrown  off  foreign 
domination,  the  people  established  a  free  govern- 
ment, the  source  of  whose  authority  sprung  and 
was  continuously  to  proceed,  from  the  will  of 
the  people  themselves. 

NOT   A    MILITARY   PEOPLE. 

•  *'  It  grew  as  a  world  power  as  its  sturdy  citi- 
zens, to  whose  natural  increase  were  added  im- 
migrants from  the  old  world  seeking  to  obtain 
here  the  liberty  and  prosperity  denied  them  in 
their  own  countries,  spread  over  the  face  of  the 
land,  reduced  the  prairies  and  forests  to  cultiva- 
tion, built  cities,  constructed  highways  and  rail- 
roads, till  now  a  nation  which  at  the  formation 
of  the  government  numbered  only  three  millions 
in  population,  has  become  eighty  millions,  and 
from  ocean  to  ocean  and  the  lakes  to  the  gulf, 
the  country  is  the  abode  of  a  free  and  prosperous 
people,  advanced  in  the  highest  degree  in  the 
learning  and  arts  of  civilization. 

"  The  display  of  great  military  armaments 
may  please  the  eye  and,  for  the  moment,  excite 
the  pride  of  the  citizen,  but  it  cannot  bring  to 
the  country  the  brains,  brawn  and  muscle  of  a 
single  immigrant,  nor  induce  the  investment 
here  of  a  dollar  of  capital.  Of  course  such 
armament  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  security 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  299 

of  the  country  and  the  protection  of  the  rights 
of  its  citizens,  at  home  or  abroad,  must  be  main- 
tained. Any  other  course  would  be  not  only 
false  economy,  but  pusilianimous. 

"  I  protest,  however,  against  the  feeling,  now 
far  too  prevalent,  that  by  reason  of  the  com- 
manding position  we  have  assumed  in  the 
world,  we  must  take  part  in  the  disputes  and 
broils  of  foreign  countries  ;  and  that  because  we 
have  grown  great  we  should  intervene  in  every 
important  question  that  arises  in  other  parts  of 
the  world.  I  also  protest  against  the  erection 
of  any  such  military  establishment  as  would  be 
required  to  maintain  the  country  in  that  attitude. 

PEACE   THE    NATION'S   AIM. 

"  We  should  confine  our  international  activi- 
ties solely  to  matters  in  which  the  rights  of  the 
country  or  of  our  citizens  are  directly  involved. 
That  is  not  a  situation  of  isolation,  but  of  inde- 
pendence. 

"  The  Government  of  the  United  States  was 
organized  solely  for  the  people  of  the  United 
States.  While  it  was  contemplated  that  this 
country  should,  become  a  refuge  for  the  op- 
pressed of  every  land,  who  might  be  fit  to  dis- 
charge the  duties  of  our  citizenship,  and  while 
we  have  always  sympathized  with  the  people  of 
every  nation  in  their  struggles  for  self-govern- 
ment, the  government  was  not  created  for  a  ca- 
reer of  political  or  civilizing  evangelization  in 
foreign  countries  or  among  alien  races. 

"  The  most  efficient  work  we  can  do  in  uplift- 
ing the  people  of  other  countries  is  by  the 
presentation  of  a  happy,  prosperous,  self-govern- 


300  PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION. 

ing  nation  as  an  ideal  to  be  emulated,  a  model 
to  be  followed.  The  general  occupation  of  our 
citizens  in  the  arts  of  peace,  or  in  the  absence  of 
large  military  armaments,  tends  to  impair  neither 
patriotism  nor  physical  courage,  and  for  the 
truth  of  this  I  refer  the  young  men  of  to-day  to 
the  history  of  the  Civil  War.  For  fifty  years, 
with  the  exception  of  the  war  with  Mexico,  this 
country  had  been  at  peace,  with  a  standing  army 
most  of  the  time  of  less  than  ten  thousand 
men. 

"  He  who  thinks  that  the  nation  had  grown 
effeminate  during  that  period  should  read  the 
casualty  rolls  of  the  armies  on  either  side  at 
Shiloh,  Antietam,  Fredericksburg  and  Gettys- 
burg, at  Stone  River  and  Chickamauga.  I 
would  be  the  last  man  to  pluck  a  single  laurel 
from  the  crown  of  any  one  of  the  military  heroes 
to  whom  this  country  owes  so  much,  but  I  insist 
that  their  most  heroic  deeds  proceeded  infinitely 
more  from  devotion  to  the  country  than  from 
martial  spirit. 

*'  Mr.  Chairman  :  In  most  graceful  speech  you 
have  reminded  me  of  the  great  responsibility,  as 
well  as  the  great  honor  of  the  nomination  be- 
stowed upon  me  by  the  convention  you  represent 
this  day.  Be  assured  that  both  are  appreciated 
— so  keenly  appreciated  that  I  am  humbled  in 
their  presence. 

''  I  accept,  gentlemen  of  the  committee,  the 
nomination ;  and,  if  the  action  of  the  convention 
shall  be  endorsed  by  an  election  by  the  people,  I 
will,  God  helping  me,  give  to  the  discharge  of 
the  duties  of  that  exalted  ofiice  the  best  service 
of  which  I  am  capable,  and  at  the  end  of  the 


PARKER  ACCEPTS  HIS  NOMINATION.  301 

term  retire  to  private  life.     I  shall  not  be  a  can- 
didate for,  nor  shall  I  accept  a  renomination. 

"  Several  reasons  might  be  advanced  for  this 
position ;  bnt  the  controlling  one  with  me  is  that 
I  am  fully  persuaded  that  no  incumbent  of  that 
office  should  ever  be  placed  in  a  situation  of  pos- 
sible temptation  to  consider  what  the  effect  of 
action  taken  by  him  in  an  administrative  matter 
of  great  importance  might  have  upon  his  political 
fortunes. 

"  Questions  of  momentous  consequences  to  all 
of  the  people  have  been  in  the  past  and  will  be 
in  the  future  presented  to  the  President  for  de- 
termination, and  in  approaching  their  considera- 
tion, as  well  as  in  weighing  the  facts  and  the 
arguments  bearing  upon  them,  he  should  be  un- 
embarrassed by  any  possible  thought  of  the  influ- 
ence his  decision  may  have  upon  anything  what- 
ever that  may  affect  him  personally;  I  make 
this  statement,  not  in  criticism  of  any  of  our 
Presidents  from  Washington  down,  who  have 
either  held  the  office  for  two  terms  or  sought  to 
succeed  themselves ;  for  strong  arguments  can 
be  advanced  in  support  of  the  re-election  of  a 
President. 

"  It  is  simply  my  judgment  that  the  interests 
of  this  country  are  now  so  vast  and  the  questions 
presented  are  frequently  of  such  overpowering 
magnitude  to  the  people  that  it  is  indispensable 
to  the  maintenance  of  a  befitting  attitude  before 
the  people,  not  only  that  the  Chief  Magistrate 
should  be  independent,  but  that  the  independ- 
ence should  be  known  of  all  men." 


DAVIS    ACCEPTS    THE 

NOMINATION. 

Henry  G.  Davis,  of  West  Virginia,  was  formally 
notified  August  17th  of  his  nomination  for  Vice 
President  of  the  United  States  by  Representative 
John  Sharp  Williams,  of  Mississippi,  chairman  of 
the  Democratic  National  Committee. 

In  his  speech  of  acceptance  ex-Senator  Davis  said  : 

""Mr.  Chairman  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Committee  : 
The  official  notification  which  you  bring  of  my  nomi- 
nation for  the  Vice  Presidency  of  the  United  States, 
by  the  National  Democracy,  gives  me  a  feeling  of 
the  sincerest  gratitude  to  my  party  for  the  honor  con- 
ferred. At  the  same  time  it  brings  to  me  a  deep  sense 
of  my  responsibility  to  my  party  as  a  candidate,  and 
to  my  country  in  the  case  of  my  election. 

"  Unexpectedly  called  as  I  am  now,  to  the  forefront, 
I  am  impelled  to  an  acceptance  of  the  obligation  by  a 
sense  of  gratitude  to  my  fellow-workers,  and  the  hope 
that  I  may  be  able  the  better  to  assist  in  restoring  to 
power  that  party  whose  principles  and  past  history 
guarantee  a  safe,  wise,  economical  and  constitutional 
administration  of  the  government. 

"  I  find  it,  therefore,  a  great  pleasure,  standing  here 
upon  the  borderland  of  the  two  Virginias,  to  receive 
and  accept  the  commission  you  bear,  and  to  send 
greetings  through  you  to  the  Democracy  of  the  entire 
country.  Is  it  not  significant  of  a  closer  and  truer 
brotherhood  among  us,  that  for  the  first  time  since 
the  Civil  War  a  nominee  on  the  national  ticket  has 
been  taken  from  that  section  of  our  common  country 
that  lies  south  of  Mason  and  Dixon's  line — a  happy 
recognition  of  the  obliteration  of  all  sectional  differ- 
ences, which  led  to  and  followed  that  unhappy  struggle  ?  • 

'*  In  the  campaign  preceding  the  last  election  much 
stress  was  laid  by  Republican  speakers  upon  the  pros- 
302 


1)AVIS  ACCEPTS  THE  NOMINATION.  303 

perous  condition  of  the  country,  and  forebodings 
were  heard  of  the  ill  results,  especially  to  the  labor- 
ing man,  which  would  follow  any  change  in  the  polit- 
ical complexion  of  the  government.  It  is  true  that 
the  times  then  were  good ;  but  it  is  no  less  a  fact  that, 
while  there  has  been  no  change  in  the  party  in  power, 
many  of  the  evils  prophesied  have  come  under 
Republican  rule. 

"  Four  years  ago  factories,  mills,  mines  and  furnaces 
were  in  active  operation,  unable  to  supply  the  demand; 
but  now  many  are  closed,  and  those  that  are  open  are 
being  operated  with  reduced  force  on  short  hours. 
Then  wages  were  high,  labor  was  scarce  and  there 
was  work  for  all.  Now  work  is  scarce,  many  wage- 
earners  are  unemployed  and  wages  reduced.  The  ap- 
prehension which  now  prevails  in  business  circles  and 
the  present  unsatisfactory  industrial  conditions  of  the 
country  seem  to  demand  a  political  change. 

REPUBLICAN   EXTRAVAGANCE. 

"  In  the  language  of  our  platform,  '  the  rights  of 
labor  are  certainly  no  less  vested,  no  less  sacred  and 
no  less  inalienable  than  the  rights  of  capital.'  The 
time  is  opportune  to  emphasize  the  truth  of  this 
utterance. 

"  The  most  sacred  right  of  property  is  the  right  to 
possess  and  own  one's  self  and  the  labor  of  one's  own 
hands,  capital  itself  being  but  stored-up  labor. 

"  For  years  I  worked  in  the  ranks  as  a  wage-earner, 
and  I  know  what  it  is  to  earn  my  living  in  the  sweat 
of  my  brow.  I  have  always  believed,  and  my  convic- 
tions came  from  the  hard  school  of  experience,  that, 
measured  by  the  character  of  the  work  he  does  and 
the  cost  of  living,  a  man  is  entitled  to  full  compensa- 
tion for  his  services. 

''The  receipts  of  the  Government  for  the  year  end- 
ing June  30,  1902,  the  first  fiscal  year  of  the  present 
Administration,  showed  a  surplus  over  expenditures 
of  $91,000,000,  but  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 


304  DAVIS  ACCEPTS  THE  NOMINATION. 

1904,  instead  of  a  surplus,  there  was  a  deficit  of 
J^4 1, 000,000.  From  July  i,  1904,  to  August  10,  or  for 
about  a  month  and  a  third  of  the  present  fiscal  year, 
the  expenditures  of  the  government  have  exceeded 
the  "receipts  by  $21,715,000. 

"There  could  be  no  stronger  evidence  of  the  ex- 
travagance into  which  the  Republican  party  has 
fallen,  and  no  more  potent  argument  in  behalf  of  a 
change  to  the  party  whose  tenets  have  always  em- 
braced prudence  and  economy  in  administering  the 
people's  aflfairs. 

HIGH  PRAISE    FOR   PARKER. 

"I  congratulate  your  committee,  and  the  constitu- 
ency it  represents,  in  the  selection  by  the  delegates  to 
the  National  Convention  of  the  nominee  for  the 
Presidency.  He  is  a  man  of  courage,  yet  prudent ; 
of  high  ideals,  yet  without  pretense  ;  of  the  most 
wholesome  respect  for  the  Constitution  and  the 
majesty  of  the  laws  under  it,  and  a  sacred  regard  for 
their  limitations  ;  of  the  keenest  sense  of  justice, 
which  would  rebel  against  compounding  a  wrong  to 
an  individual  or  to  a  nation  ;  positive  in  conviction, 
yet  of  few  words ;  strong  in  mental  and  moral  attri- 
butes, and  yet,  withal,  modest  and  reserved  ;  possessed 
of  a  sturdy  constitution  and  magnificent  manhood, 
and  yet  temperate  in  his  actions  and  dignified  in  his 
demeanor. 

"  With  a  candidate  whose  personality  appeals  to  the 
good  sense  and  sound  judgment  of  the  American  peo- 
ple, a  platform  whose  principles  are  for  the  greatest 
good  to  the  greatest  number,  and  a  reunited  party, 
earnest  for  the  restoration  of  good  and  economical 
government,  we  should  succeed  and  the  principles  of 
Democracy  again  triumph." 


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